Al-Qāḍī ʻIyāḍ and His Method in Studying the Noble Hadith: “A Book with Bughyah Al-Ra’id Lima Tadammanahu Hadith Ummi Zar’ min al-Fawa’id The Pioneer Endeavour for Benefits in Ummi Zar’s Report”: As an Example

Al-Qāḍī ʻIyāḍ’s explanation of the hadith of Ummi Zara’ is considered one of the most authentic explanations and was approved by the early and later scholars. The aim of this research is to clarify the method employed by Al-Qāḍī ʻIyāḍ in the study of the noble hadith through his explanation “Bughyah al-Ra’id Lima Tadammanahu Hadith Ummi Zar’ min al-Fawa’id”. The researcher relied on the inductive approach in introducing Al-Qāḍī ʻIyāḍ and his efforts in this explanation, and the analytical approach in order to highlight Al-Qāḍī ʻIyāḍ’s innovative methodology, which distinguished this explanation from others. The research concluded that Al-Qāḍī ʻIyāḍ established the rules of a new approach in dealing with the religious text, based on comprehensiveness and integration, which explains his extraction of a huge number of jurisprudential and Arabic issues, with unique investigations and wonderful references.

EPISTEMIC RATIONALITY IN ISLAMIC EDUCATION: The Significance for Religious Moderation in Contemporary Indonesian Islam

This article discusses the concept of epistemic rationality in Islamic education and its significance for strengthening religious moderation in contemporary Indonesian Islam. The questions are: (1) How is the conception of epistemic rationality? (2) To what extent is the role of epistemic rationality in Islamic education? (3) How do classical Islamic treasures view the epistemic rationality and its significance for strengthening religious moderation in Indonesian Islam? Afterwards, the theoretical assumption underlying this article is that the strengthening of religious moderation without being supported by epistemic rationality is null and void. This article finds that the passion of reading in Islam processed through epistemic rationality has provided huge contribution for Islamic civilization so that it reaches its golden age. Hence, in Indonesian Islamic education context, strengthening religious moderation must be delivered through epistemic rationality as basic reasoning in understanding religious text and digging the diversity phenomenon in order to avoid radicalism and blind fanaticism. Epistemic rationality must be considered as starting point to build curriculum structure and learning contents that emphasize more on the competency of ‘know-how’ and ‘know-why’ rather than ‘know-what’.

The Book as Object of Lay Devotion in Late Medieval Transylvania (Fifteenth-Sixteenth Centuries)

"Research on late-medieval religiosity in Central and Western Europe has shown that religious books were not only possessed, but also read, and sometimes even copied or disseminated by laymen. The need for a better definition of the relationship between the laity and the religious text leads to the formulation and intensive discussion of concepts such as devotional reading, culture of religious reading, or vernacular theology. Several examples of works that belonged to late-medieval Transylvanian laymen suggest the opportunity and, at the same time, the need to ask whether similar dynamics of pious behaviour can be discussed in their case. In order to provide a convincing answer, this study proposes an analysis of these books from at least three perspectives: theme, language, formal characteristics. The most interesting information is offered, however, by property notes, which suggest that the devotional potential of the book was not activated by reading, but rather by donation. By offering solutions to the everyday necessities of ecclesiastical institutions, these gifts were designed to ensure personal salvation as well. In order to support this hypothesis, I will also address another category of sources from which mentions regarding this kind of donations can be recovered, i.e. last wills. Keywords: religious books, devotional practices, pious donations, last wills, laity "

EXAMINING MESSAGE ACCURACY OF RELIGIOUS TEXT: A CRITICAL INSIGHT FROM HADITH’S COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW

The article aims to examine the accuracy of the message on the Hadith (Prophetic narration) as the religious text through understanding sufficiency compared to other Hadīth. Inductive and deductive methodologies were used to summarize its benefits and disciplines when applying this technique. The critical analysis was made by evaluating the scholars’ different opinions about Ḥadīth regarding certain issues. The finding revealed that the strategic way of examining the message accuracy of Hadīth should include the three main concerns. Those are investigating the point of Maqāsid Nabawi (Prophetic aims) from Hadīth, comprehending Qarā’in as indicator leading to form Shar‘ī rule, eliminating the confusion of missing in Hadīth, identifying different events within Hadīth and knowing the status of Ḥadīth available in a particular chapter. The value of this article is supposed to contribute to giving an understanding, practicing, and continuing both implicit and explicit meaning of Hadīth into the daily routine.

On the Renovation of Religious Discourse: Analysis of Concepts, and Internal and External Disciplines

This article aims to clarify the meaning of “renovation of religious discourse”, specifically by defining the disciplines of this renovation and their importance in determining its meaning. The disciplines play a pivotal role in determining the nature, meaning, and possibilities of renovating religious discourse. To demonstrate this thesis, the article will first make some conceptual distinctions between ‘discourse of religion’ and ‘religious discourse’, between ‘religion’ and ‘religiosity’, between ‘renovation in religious discourse’ and ‘renovation of religious discourse’. Secondly, it will make a distinction between internal and external disciplines. Internal disciplines lie within the religious text itself and in the hermeneutic circle between understanding parts of the text and understanding it as a whole, between understanding and pre-understanding, between the inside and the outside. In doing so, the paper focuses mainly on the role of the ruling political and economic powers and authorities. The paper concludes that renovating religious discourse is a political and institutional issue rather than a purely religious one related to individuals and that it is conditional on the state and its political system, the extent of its actual adoption of the concepts of ‘the state of citizenship and law’, democracy, and the extent to which it protects freedoms, differences, and pluralism.

Dostoevsky's Latin language

The article refutes the opinion found in some biographical studies, which states that Dostoevsky disliked the Latin language and showed nointerest in it. An appeal to the writer's letters, his journalistic and artistic works, surviving working notes suggests the opposite: Dostoevsky not only speaks positively of the Latin language, but also uses it in the process of creating his texts. An analysis of published works and surviving work notes revealed 67 Latin words and expressions. Many of the Latin insertions are encountered more than once, some have a distinct practical nature (for example, the NB anagram and its varieties). In terms of use, the Latin expressions used by Dostoevsky are from to medicine, jurisprudence, and Catholic church rhetoric, but for the most part they are common aphorisms and speech clichés. The article draws attention to the fact of Dostoevsky's work with Latin text as a commentator and translator and proves that the fragment of the prophecy from the book of Johann Lichtenberger cited in the 1877 Diary of a Writer was translated by Dostoevsky. Liberty (modified composition, insertion of additional words) and relative grammatical correctness (only two grammatical inaccuracies were found in the translation) testify to a fairly fluent command of Latin, which allowed Dostoevsky not only to translate the medieval religious text, but also to interpret it to illustrate his socio-political views.

Rabbit Uroscopy and the Virgin Mary with Christ Child

Objectives The depiction of a rabbit with a urinary matula on the same page with the Virgin Mary and the Christ child in a medieval text, the Book of Hours, has raised interests among art and medical historians. We will describe the complex interplay between the rabbit, the matula, and the Virgin Mary. Methods We studied the original illuminated texts from the medieval (ca. 1475) Book of Hours archived in the Morgan Library, New York. We reviewed articles and historical publications from art history and medical literature. Results The Book of Hours was composed for use by lay people who wished to incorporate elements of monasticism into their devotional life. There was often an amalgamation of religious and secular themes within these illustrated texts. The use of uroscopy to diagnose ailments was prevalent and popular during the Middle Ages and the depiction of a matula was not uncommon in medieval manuscripts. As a result, the urine flask came to be identified with and used as a symbol of the physician, much like the caduceus is today. From the fourth century to modernity, the rabbit has been an averter of evil and bringer of good luck. Rabbits functioned as motifs in many medieval manuscripts. The physician rabbit in the Book of Hours depicted charity, healing, and scholarship. Conclusions The bespectacled rabbit holding a ‘matula’ is utilized in this Christian religious text as a symbol of the healing properties and resurrection attributed to Jesus, potentially contributing to the reader’s religious experience.

The formation of stylistic peculiarities of the language of religious texts of the Russian and Serbian Orthodox Churches on the example of liturgical texts and folklore spiritual verses

The subject of this research is the analysis of formation of stylistic peculiarities of the language of religious texts of the Russian and Serbian Orthodox Churches on the example of liturgical texts and folklore spiritual verses. The object of this research is the stylistic peculiarities of the language in religious sphere of Russia and Serbia. The goal is to describe the current state of the functional style that serves the religious sphere of Russia and Serbia on the example of liturgical texts and folklore spiritual verses through the prism of their development. The author examines the church religious style, the concept of religious text in Russian and Serbian cultures. Attention is given to the concept of Russian and Serbian religious verse. The relevance of the selected topic is defined by its considerable contribution to the poorly studied areas of modern Slavic philology, as well as to the development of common culture and cooperation of the countries in the religious sphere. The acquired results can serve as the theoretical foundation for further study of the religious lexicon, as well as practically implemented in the special courses and research work. The conclusion is made that the analysis of formation of stylistic peculiarities of the language of religious texts of the Russian and Serbian Orthodox Churches on the example of liturgical texts and folklore spiritual verses is a relevant, although poorly studies area of research, from the perspective of linguistics, Slavic philology, and folklore studies, as well as pivotal area for studying religious lexicon within the framework of stylistics as part of common culture, literature, language, history, and religion of peoples.

Exploring the Relationship Between Different Smartphone Reading Annotation Strategies and Students’ Comprehension

This study explores the relationship between different smartphone reading annotation strategies and students’ comprehension. Subjects in the study are 139 teenage students enrolled in a religion class in the Southwestern United States. Each of the participants utilized a digital reading app on their personal smartphone to read an 842-word religious text. Subjects were encouraged to look for, highlight, or tag passages in the text that they felt were important to understanding the meaning of the text. After completing the reading, participants completed a multiple-choice quiz with both factual and inferential questions and wrote a short essay on how they felt the text could be used to resolve an issue in their personal life. The researcher analyzed the data by comparing the frequency of tags and highlights each subject created with their assessment scores. Results showed that higher highlighting frequency was related to higher factual comprehension scores but not higher inferential comprehension scores. In contrast, higher tagging frequency was related to higher inferential comprehension scores but not higher factual comprehension scores. In each case, the higher annotation frequency was only related to higher assessment scores when the subject created an above-average number of tags or highlights. The study suggests that different annotation methods are related to different comprehension outcomes.

“If You Know Arabic, Indian Songs Are Easy for You”

With the arrival of cinema halls in northern Ghana in the mid-1950s, Indian and Hollywood films circulated among diverse audiences with varying religious, economic, and educational backgrounds. In Ghana, educational approaches to listening differed greatly between Christian and Islamic schools: mission schools promoted English literacy, centered around contextual understanding and moral readings of English text, while Islamic schools taught Qur’anic recitation through aural and oral transmission, with precedence given to the indexical experience of untranslated religious text. This chapter explores how contrasting modes of listening developed in mission and Islamic schools shaped Christian and Muslim experiences of early postcolonial Hollywood and Hindi films, both inside and outside the cinema hall.