scholarly journals Teachers’ Nonverbal Behaviors Influence Children’s Stereotypic Beliefs

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Brey ◽  
Kristin Pauker
Keyword(s):  
Social Groups ◽  
Social Cues ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Nonverbal Behaviors ◽  
Negative Stereotypes ◽  
Positive Behaviors ◽  
Academic Task ◽  
New Students ◽  
Academic Stereotypes ◽  
Children's Beliefs

The current research tested whether differences in teachers’ nonverbal behaviors influence children’s intergroup attitudes and stereotypic beliefs. In this study, 5- to 8-year-old participants (N = 96) were assigned to novel groups (marked by T-shirt color) and then viewed interactions between teachers and pairs of students who were also members of the novel groups. Across four interactions, the teacher directed positive nonverbal behaviors toward students from one group and directed negative nonverbal behaviors toward students from another group. After viewing the interactions, participants were presented with pairs of new students from the two novel groups and were asked three types of test questions. When participants were asked who was smarter, they selected new students from the group that had received positive nonverbal behaviors regardless of their own group membership. However, when asked who they would like to befriend, only participants who were assigned to the group that received positive behaviors selected ingroup members. On trials where participants were asked to select a partner on an academic task, participants’ selections did not differ from chance. This study shows that teachers’ nonverbal behaviors may be one source of children’s academic stereotypes, including negative stereotypes about groups to which they belong. Moreover, these findings highlight the importance of subtle social cues in guiding children’s beliefs about social groups.

Multiple Narratives in the Novel

2019 ◽  
pp. 23-38
Author(s):  
Deepra Dandekar
Keyword(s):  
Life Stories ◽  
Religious Conversion ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Important Case ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Narrative Strategies ◽  
Christian Morality ◽  
Strong Statement ◽  
Emotional Representations

The politics of a multilayered text like The Subhedar’s Son does not lie in its strong statement of ideological issues but in its silences and its emotional representations. Dinkar Shankar Sawarkar, the author of The Subhedar’s Son, deliberately connected Christian morality with specific social groups, according them relative political significance, while disregarding others as morally and spiritually bankrupt. This chapter discusses the various narrative strategies employed by Sawakar in the Marathi novel. It explores how The Subhedar’s Son is simultaneously a Christian narrative and a Brahmin narrative that makes an important case for the Brahmin-Christian contribution to vernacular nativism and nationalism, against colonialism. The chapter describes how the novel stages religious conversion to Christianity as a modern and individualist Brahmin and upper-caste decision, the analysis of which cannot be afforded within structural explorations, but personal motivations and life stories.

scholarly journals The The Image of a Woman of Colour and Native American Woman in Two Kerouac Novels: A Double Otherness

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-133
Author(s):  
Nejc Rožman Ivančič
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Life Experience ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
American Woman ◽  
Racial Prejudice ◽  
Jack Kerouac ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Female Characters ◽  
American Writer ◽  
Self Discovery

The article examines the portrayal of a woman of colour in the novel The Subterraneans (1958), and the portrayal of a Native American woman in the novel Tristessa (1960). The two works are representative examples within the opus of the American writer Jack Kerouac (1922–1969), and offer suitable starting points for the reinterpretation of his attitude towards women and non-white ethnicities. The novels reveal the ethnocentric, even colonizing attitude of the dominating male narrator in relation to the dominated and subjugated social groups. Although the treated works are considered Kerouac’s “female-centred novels” (Phelan Lyke 1991, v), this syntagm is problematized here by showing that the male narrator remains the true protagonist, focused essentially on his own perceptions of the non-white romantic subject, whereas the two female characters are (mere) objects for the protagonists’ self-discovery, life experience and psychological projection. In this sense, Kerouac’s consistent presentation of women as representatives of an identity of the exotic/Other reveals his nested gender and racial prejudice.

scholarly journals An oxytocin/vasopressin-related neuropeptide modulates social foraging behavior in the clonal raider ant

PLoS Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. e3001305
Author(s):  
Ingrid Fetter-Pruneda ◽  
Taylor Hart ◽  
Yuko Ulrich ◽  
Asaf Gal ◽  
Peter R. Oxley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Social Behavior ◽  
Division Of Labor ◽  
Behavioral Response ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Social Cues ◽  
Social Foraging ◽  
Propensity To Leave ◽  
Response Thresholds ◽  
Do So

Oxytocin/vasopressin-related neuropeptides are highly conserved and play major roles in regulating social behavior across vertebrates. However, whether their insect orthologue, inotocin, regulates the behavior of social groups remains unknown. Here, we show that in the clonal raider ant Ooceraea biroi, individuals that perform tasks outside the nest have higher levels of inotocin in their brains than individuals of the same age that remain inside the nest. We also show that older ants, which spend more time outside the nest, have higher inotocin levels than younger ants. Inotocin thus correlates with the propensity to perform tasks outside the nest. Additionally, increasing inotocin pharmacologically increases the tendency of ants to leave the nest. However, this effect is contingent on age and social context. Pharmacologically treated older ants have a higher propensity to leave the nest only in the presence of larvae, whereas younger ants seem to do so only in the presence of pupae. Our results suggest that inotocin signaling plays an important role in modulating behaviors that correlate with age, such as social foraging, possibly by modulating behavioral response thresholds to specific social cues. Inotocin signaling thereby likely contributes to behavioral individuality and division of labor in ant societies.

The Stereotype Content of Sexual Orientation

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 458-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trenton D. Mize ◽  
Bianca Manago
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Gay Men ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Bisexual Men ◽  
Lesbian Women ◽  
Negative Stereotypes ◽  
Content Model ◽  
Stereotype Content ◽  
Orientation Group

The stereotype content model provides a powerful tool to examine influential societal stereotypes associated with social groups. We theorize how stereotypes of gender, sexuality, and a group’s status in society combine to influence societal views of sexual orientation groups—placing particular emphasis on stereotypes of warmth and competence. In two survey experiments, we collect quantitative measures of stereotype content and open-response items on the stereotypes of bisexual individuals. We predict—and find—that gay men and lesbian women face disadvantaging stereotypes; bisexual men and women, however, face the most severely negative stereotypes of any sexual orientation group—with aggregate judgments of low warmth and competence. In the second study, using a diverse sample, we show that stereotypes about sexual orientation groups are largely culturally consensual. We conclude by emphasizing the importance of comparative approaches that consider both advantaged and disadvantaged groups to fully contextualize stereotypes of minority groups.

scholarly journals Children's use of information in word learning

1990 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 393-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry Kit-Fong Au
Keyword(s):  
Prior Knowledge ◽  
Word Learning ◽  
Word Meaning ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Linguistic Information ◽  
Word Meanings ◽  
Knowledge And Beliefs ◽  
Novel Material ◽  
Children's Beliefs

ABSTRACTWhenever children hear a novel word, the context supplies information about its meaning. One way children may cope with so much information is to use whatever seems to make sense, given their prior knowledge and beliefs, while ignoring or quickly forgetting the rest. This work examined if and how children's beliefs about word meanings may affect their use of contrastive linguistic information in the input in word learning. In Study 1, some 3- and 4-year-olds were introduced to a novel material or shape name and heard it contrasted with familiar words. Others merely heard the novel word used for referring to an object. These children were then tested to determine what they had learned about their new word meaning. In Study 2, another group of 3-and 4-year-olds were asked to name the materials and shapes used for introducing these novel terms. Children made use of linguistic contrast only in some situations. They benefited more when the novel term did not overlap much in denotation with any terms commonly known by 3-and 4-year-olds. These results suggest that children can use information in the input very efficiently in learning a term for an as-yet-unnamed category, but not in learning a term similar in denotation to a word they already know. Thus, the results are consistent with the claim that children believe every word has a unique denotation.

scholarly journals AR-LabOr: Design and Assessment of an Augmented Reality Application for Lab Orientation

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 316
Author(s):  
Muhammad Nadeem ◽  
Amal Chandra ◽  
Audrey Livirya ◽  
Svetlana Beryozkina
Keyword(s):  
Augmented Reality ◽  
Mobile Application ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Student Survey ◽  
Augmented Reality Application ◽  
New Students ◽  
Augmented Reality Technology ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
The University ◽  
Text Images

Lab orientation is a vital part of learning for new students entering the university, as it provides the students with all the necessary and important information about the lab. The current orientation is manual, tedious, suffers from logistical constraints, lacks engagement, and provides no way to assess that outcomes have been achieved. This is also supported by the results of a student survey which revealed students’ dissatisfaction with current process of orientation. This study presents the design and development of a sample augmented reality mobile application, AR-LabOr, for the lab orientation that helps students in a quick and easy adaptation to the lab environment by familiarizing them with the lab equipment, staff, and safety rules in a fun and interactive manner. This application makes use of marker-less augmented reality technology and a blend of multimedia information such as sound, text, images, and videos that are superimposed on real-world contents. An experiment with 56 students showed that they found the novel method of orientation using the application more engaging than the traditional instructor-led method. Students also found the application to be more supportive, motivating, and that it helped them in better understanding the lab equipment.

scholarly journals The Coronavirus Crisis and Migration: Inequalities, Discrimination, Resistance

Two Homelands ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (54) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Della Puppa ◽  
Fabio Perocco
Keyword(s):  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Social Causes

Deriving from multiple ecological-social causes, the novel coronavirus and, subsequently, the COVID-19 pandemic, has affected all spheres of societies of the world. The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered and amplified an economic crisis that existed before the health crisis. The combination of the two crises into a double “ecological-­healthcare” and “socio-economic” crisis has had multiple consequences for everyone on the economic, social, political, and cultural level; however, it has affected social classes, workers, genders, and territories in different ways, deepening social inequalities and worsening the social conditions of disadvantaged social groups: among the most affected social groups, we find migrants.

scholarly journals Valuation and Irony in Text in the Light of Speech Act Theory

2020 ◽  
pp. 37-55
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Kukowicz-Żarska
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Speech Act Theory ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Detective Novel ◽  
Research Material ◽  
Collective Beliefs

This article focuses on the issue of valuation and discusses the role and textual properties of irony in the light of speech act theory. The research material used for the analysis comes from the novel by Philip Kerr "March Violets", which is a representative of the historical detective novel genre. The article does not aim to criticize the book's translations, but focuses on the message itself, which, through them, reaches the recipient and makes a specific impression on him/her. This specific impression, evoked by said speech acts and thoughtfully encoded in the text, is subject to the analysis here. Sociolinguistic assumptions have been adopted as the basis for these considerations, which seems to be justified in so far as language within such analytical framework can be treated as a binder across social groups, nations, communities, and may, therefore, play a significant role both in shaping them, shaping their collective beliefs, ideas, and cultural norms.

Stereotypes as Historical Accidents: Images of Social Class in Postcommunist Versus Capitalist Societies

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 927-943 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lusine Grigoryan ◽  
Xuechunzi Bai ◽  
Federica Durante ◽  
Susan T. Fiske ◽  
Marharyta Fabrykant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
Structural Effects ◽  
Negative Stereotypes ◽  
Social Structural

Stereotypes are ideological and justify the existing social structure. Although stereotypes persist, they can change when the context changes. Communism’s rise in Eastern Europe and Asia in the 20th century provides a natural experiment examining social-structural effects on social class stereotypes. Nine samples from postcommunist countries ( N = 2,241), compared with 38 capitalist countries ( N = 4,344), support the historical, sociocultural rootedness of stereotypes. More positive stereotypes of the working class appear in postcommunist countries, both compared with other social groups in the country and compared with working-class stereotypes in capitalist countries; postcommunist countries also show more negative stereotypes of the upper class. We further explore whether communism’s ideological legacy reflects how societies infer groups’ stereotypic competence and warmth from structural status and competition. Postcommunist societies show weaker status–competence relations and stronger (negative) competition–warmth relations; respectively, the lower meritocratic beliefs and higher priority of embeddedness as ideological legacies may shape these relationships.

scholarly journals Relation between College Students’ Conservatism and Negative Stereotypes about Social Groups

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 224
Author(s):  
Sylvia Beyer
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Social Dominance ◽  
Political Attitudes ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Social Dominance Orientation ◽  
Just World ◽  
Negative Stereotypes ◽  
Religious Minorities ◽  
The Social ◽  
Two Measures

This study examined the interrelations among political attitudes and negative stereotypes in U.S. undergraduates. Participants answered questions measuring conservatism, social dominance orientation, Global Belief in a Just World, and religiosity. This research employed two measures of stereotypes: modern sexism and feelings about 15 social groups. It was hypothesized that conservatives would show more evidence of negative stereotypes than liberals would. The study revealed that indeed conservatives show stronger evidence of negative stereotypes, but that liberals also harbor some biases. Importantly, the social groups against whom conservatives and liberals are stereotyped differed greatly. Conservatives showed considerably more negative stereotypes against racial and religious minorities, and particularly against those who do not identify with the cis-gender, heterosexual norm. Thus, the targets of conservatives’ stereotypes were groups that have traditionally been subject to discrimination. Liberals held stronger stereotypes against groups that are more politically powerful, such as Caucasians and Christians.

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