scholarly journals How success breeds success

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ambroise Descamps ◽  
Changxia Ke ◽  
Lionel Page
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiment ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Relative Strength ◽  
Information Revelation ◽  
Strategic Effect ◽  
Turn On ◽  
Early Success ◽  
Real Effort ◽  
Standard Models ◽  
Positive Effect

We investigate if, and why, an initial success can trigger a string of successes. Using random variations in success in a real-effort laboratory experiment, we cleanly identify the causal effect of an early success in a competition. We confirm that an early success indeed leads to increased chances of a later success. By alternatively eliminating strategic features of the competition, we turn on and off possible mechanisms driving the effect of an early success. Standard models of dynamic contest predict a strategic effect due to asymmetric incentives between initial winners and losers. Surprisingly, we find no evidence that they can explain the positive effect of winning. Instead, we find that the effect of winning seems driven by an information revelation effect, whereby players update their beliefs about their relative strength after experiencing an initial success.

scholarly journals Analysis Relative Strength Index and Earning Per Share on Stock Price

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Jajang Badruzaman
Keyword(s):  
Research Design ◽  
Stock Prices ◽  
Stock Price ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Relative Strength ◽  
Quantitative Approach ◽  
Significant Positive Effect ◽  
Strength Index ◽  
Positive Effect

This study aims to determine the effect of the Relative Strength Index and Earnig Per Share on Stock Prices. The research design used is a quantitative approach with a population of all companies in the Jakarta Islamic Index (JII) category listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2013-2016 periods. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. Based on the criteria set, 13 companies were obtained. The results showed that the Relative Strength Index and Earnig Per Share had a significant positive effect on Stock Prices in the Jakarta Islamic Index (JII) company on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the Period 2013-2016.

scholarly journals In Search of Workers' Real Effort Reciprocity-a Field and a Laboratory Experiment

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 817-837 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heike Hennig-Schmidt ◽  
Abdolkarim Sadrieh ◽  
Bettina Rockenbach
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiment ◽  
Real Effort

Do Antitakeover Provisions Spur Corporate Innovation? A Regression Discontinuity Analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 1163-1194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Chemmanur ◽  
Xuan Tian
Keyword(s):  
Information Asymmetry ◽  
Firm Value ◽  
Regression Discontinuity ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Equity Markets ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Innovation Activities ◽  
Corporate Innovation ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Competitive Product

We study the effect of antitakeover provisions (ATPs) on innovation. To establish causality, we use a regression discontinuity approach that relies on locally exogenous variation generated by shareholder proposal votes. We find a positive, causal effect of ATPs on innovation. This positive effect is more pronounced in firms that are subject to a larger degree of information asymmetry and operate in more competitive product markets. The evidence suggests that ATPs help nurture innovation by insulating managers from short-term pressures arising from equity markets. Finally, the number of ATPs contributes positively to firm value for firms involved in intensive innovation activities.

Detection of procoagulant imbalance

2017 ◽  
Vol 117 (05) ◽  
pp. 830-836 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armando Tripodi
Keyword(s):  
Protein C ◽  
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps ◽  
Relative Strength ◽  
Feedback Mechanisms ◽  
Turn On ◽  
Extracellular Traps ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Many ◽  
Clinical Conditions ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

SummaryEach individual possesses his/her own endogenous-thrombin-potential (ETP) (i. e. the ability to generate thrombin) which depends on the relative strength of the pro- and anticoagulant drivers operating in plasma. This ability depends in turn on the clinical conditions in which the balance between the two drivers is variably affected. One of the major determinants of this balance is the factor (F)VIII-protein C(PC) axis and its effect can be conveniently explored by the thrombin generation procedures with results expressed as ETP ratio with/without thrombomodulin (TM) (ETP-TM ratio). Furthermore, owing to the many feedback mechanisms mediated by thrombin (e. g. activation of PC, FXI, FV, FVIII, platelets etc.) it is also possible that any perturbation of the balance between pro- and anticoagulants that may occur in plasma even outside the FVIII-PC axis could result in an increased ETPTM ratio and therefore may suggest a procoagulant imbalance. Indeed, other non-coagulation moieties (e. g. microparticles, neutrophil extracellular traps, pro-inflammatory cytokines and others) circulating in blood of patients with various clinical conditions may also contribute to the procoagulant imbalance even when FVIII and/or PC are apparently normal. It can be postulated that dual ETP measurements performed in the presence and absence of TM with results expressed as their ratio may be the candidate procedure to detect subtle procoagulant imbalance in many clinical conditions characterised by an increased risk of thromboembolism. This article aimed at reviewing the clinical conditions in which evidence for the value of the ETP-TM ratio has been provided.

scholarly journals The Effect of Website Interactivity on Political Involvement

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 136-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanne Kruikemeier ◽  
Guda Van Noort ◽  
Rens Vliegenthart
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiment ◽  
Citizen Involvement ◽  
Political Involvement ◽  
Single Factor ◽  
Interactive Communication ◽  
Political Cynicism ◽  
Website Interactivity ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Moderating Role

Abstract. This study examines the extent to which interactive communication on political websites affects various forms of citizens’ involvement in politics, and the moderating role of political cynicism in this relationship. Based on the outcomes of a laboratory experiment with a single-factor (interactivity: low vs. medium vs. high interactivity) between-subjects design, we found that interactive political websites have a positive effect on citizen involvement, and this effect is particularly present for websites with high levels of interactivity. We also demonstrate that interactivity effects are, to some extent, contingent on citizens’ political cynicism. For higher levels of political cynicism, deviations in the level of interactivity make less of a difference in their impact on political involvement.

The Effect of Prison Population Size on Crime Rates: Evidence from Cocaine and Marijuana Mandatory Minimum Sentencing

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Geert Dhondt
Keyword(s):  
Crime Rate ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Prison Population ◽  
Property Crime ◽  
Crime Rates ◽  
Violent Crime Rate ◽  
Percent Increase ◽  
Prison Populations ◽  
Mandatory Minimum Sentencing ◽  
Positive Effect

Simultaneity between prison populations and crime rates makes it difficult to isolate the causal effect of changes in prison populations on crime.  This paper uses marijuana and cocaine mandatory minimum sentencing to break that simultaneity.  Using panel data for 50 states over 40 years, this paper finds that the marginal addition of a prisoner results in a higher, not lower crime rate. Specifically, a 1 percent increase in the prison population results in a 0.28 percent increase in the violent crime rate and a 0.17 percent increase in the property crime rate. This counter-intuitive result suggests that incarceration, already high in the U.S, may have now begun to achieve negative returns in reducing crime.  As such it supports the work of a number of scholars who have suggested that incarceration may have begun to have a positive effect on crime because of a host of factors.

Information Disclosure in Contests with Endogenous Entry: An Experiment

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (11) ◽  
pp. 5128-5150
Author(s):  
Luke Boosey ◽  
Philip Brookins ◽  
Dmitry Ryvkin
Keyword(s):  
Decision Analysis ◽  
Laboratory Experiment ◽  
Information Disclosure ◽  
Endogenous Entry ◽  
Outside Option ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Aggregate Investment ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Positive Effect

We use a laboratory experiment to study the effects of disclosing the number of active participants in contests with endogenous entry. At the first stage, potential participants decide whether to enter competition, and at the second stage, entrants choose their investments. In a 2[Formula: see text]2 design, we manipulate the size of the outside option, [Formula: see text], and whether the number of entrants is disclosed between the stages. Theory predicts more entry for lower [Formula: see text] and the levels of entry and aggregate investment to be independent of disclosure in all cases. We find empirical entry frequencies decreasing with [Formula: see text]. For aggregate investment, we find no effect of disclosure when [Formula: see text] is low but a strong positive effect of disclosure when [Formula: see text] is high. The difference is driven by substantial overinvestment in contests with a small, publicly known number of players contrasted by more restrained investment in contests in which the number of players is uncertain and may be small. The behavior under disclosure is explained by a combination of joy of winning and entry regret. This paper was accepted by Yan Chen, decision analysis.

System Justification Enhances Life Satisfaction of High- and Low-Status People in China

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 588-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenqi Li ◽  
Junhui Wu ◽  
Yu Kou
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Upward Mobility ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Well Being ◽  
System Justification ◽  
Western Society ◽  
The Novel ◽  
The Status ◽  
Positive Effect

Across three studies, we examine whether system justification enhances psychological well-being among members of both advantaged and disadvantaged groups. In addition, we test the novel hypothesis that perceived individual upward mobility explains this positive effect of system justification. We address these issues by focusing on system justification and life satisfaction among individuals with high and low social class in China, an understudied non-Western society. Findings suggest that system justification positively predicts both high-class and low-class individuals’ life satisfaction, and this result holds for both adults (Study 1, N = 10,196) and adolescents (Study 2, N = 4,037). Moreover, we experimentally demonstrate that system justification has a causal effect on life satisfaction through an increased level of perceived individual upward mobility (Study 3, N = 172). These findings help explain why people, especially those from lower social class, are willing to justify the status quo.

scholarly journals Merit, Luck, and Taxes: Societal Reward Rules, Self-Interest, and Ideology in a Real-Effort Voting Experiment

2020 ◽  
pp. 106591292096023
Author(s):  
Markus Tepe ◽  
Pieter Vanhuysse ◽  
Maximilian Lutz
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiment ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
Flat Tax ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Counting Task ◽  
Treatment Conditions ◽  
Legitimate Target ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
Real Effort ◽  
Group Members

When are high earnings considered a legitimate target for redistribution, and when not? We design a real-effort laboratory experiment in which we manipulate the assignment of payrates (societal “reward rules”) that translate performance on a real-effort counting task into pre-tax earnings. We then ask subjects to vote on a flat tax rate in groups of three. We distinguish three treatment conditions: the same payrate for all group members (“equal” reward rule), differential (low, medium, and high) but random payrates (“luck” rule), and differential payrates based on subjects’ performance on a quiz with voluntary preparation opportunity (“merit” rule). Self-interest is the dominant tax voting motivation. Tax levels are lower under “merit” rule than under “luck” rule, and merit reasoning overrides political ideology. But information is needed to activate merit reasoning. Both these latter effects are present only when voters have “full merit knowledge” that signals precisely how others obtained their incomes.

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