scholarly journals Productive Effects of Public Works Programs: What do we know? What should we know?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther Gehrke ◽  
Renate Hartwig
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cash Transfer ◽  
Public Works ◽  
Productive Capacity ◽  
Public Infrastructure ◽  
Alternative Interventions ◽  
The Public ◽  
Market Effects ◽  
Poor Households

Public works programs (PWPs) are popular development interventions due to their potential ‘double dividend’ of transferring income to the poor while at the same time creating public infrastructure. However, PWPs are costly and demanding from an administrative perspective and it is not clear whether they are the most cost-effective intervention to reduce poverty. Therefore, an assessment of PW programs needs to understand which benefits and costs these programs entail relative to other interventions, and whether or not the extra cost can be outweighed by generating benefits over and above those of alternative interventions, such as Cash Transfer programs.This paper seeks to identify these benefits, and develops a conceptual framework that highlights four mechanisms through which PWPs could strengthen the productive capacity of poor households beyond the effects of Cash Transfers: productive investments, labor market effects, skills development, and increases in trade and production. It then reviews available empirical evidence from PWPs in developing countries. The results suggest that PWPs can induce productive investments via income and insurance effects when the program is sufficiently reliable and long-term. PWPs can also have positive welfare effects by raising wages, but potential adverse effects on labor markets have to be taken into account. Implicit or explicit training components of PWPs do not seem to increase the employability or business earnings of participants. Finally, there is only scant empirical evidence on the productive effects of the public infrastructure generated by PWPs, and further research is crucial to understand and quantify those effects. This paper concludes that PWPs are only preferable over alternative interventions if they generate substantial investments among the target group, if there is clear evidence that private-sector wages are below equilibrium wages, or if the public infrastructure generated in PWPs has substantial growth effects.

scholarly journals Re Thinking the Public Toilet of Dhaka City: An Adaptable Prototype Design Solution to Improve the Existing Situation

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Syeda Faeza Hasan ◽  
Farjana Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Design Solution ◽  
Design Strategies ◽  
Public Infrastructure ◽  
Urban Context ◽  
Human Waste ◽  
The Public ◽  
Hygiene Education ◽  
The City ◽  
Public Toilets

Dhaka is one of the fastest-growing cities in the world with a population of 21 million. With the constantly rising inhabitants, this urbanizing hub officially only has 122 public toilets, and in reality, most of them are not functional (Sanyal, November 05, 2016). Different studies also suggested that current situations of the public toilets in the city are unusable and unhygienic. Apart from a few good ones, most toilets have filthy floors, inadequate lighting and ventilation, and unbearable odor of human waste. Although unhygienic open defecation by men is a common scene in the city, for the woman it is not an option. While the city plans to construct a few, there still will be a huge need for public toilets to meet the demand of the vast population. It is critical to realize the challenges existing and evolving from the forbidding public hygiene situation and the lack of proper public infrastructure. Understanding the user group is crucial as modern and costly toilets end up being rejected than being used. Thus the paper tries to address the problems and suggests design strategies to achieve a feasible design solution for a sustainable public toilet that supports and empowers communal hygiene. The contribution of this paper is not only to promote a design solution but how this infrastructure can integrate with the surrounding urban context. A modular prototype is proposed which is adaptable, feasible, cost-effective, easy to erect, and can be plugged into any corner of the city. Rethinking public toilets as an adaptable prototype is not only about providing proper sanitation but also encouraging people about hygiene education, awareness, and innovation. The design is conceptualized as a prefabricated self-sustainable modular unit that can be altered, increased, or decreased as per the necessity of the surrounding area. 

scholarly journals Stakeholder Power-Interest Analysis of disaster insurance for public infrastructure in Semarang City

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 220-228
Author(s):  
Jati Utomo Dwi Hatmoko ◽  
Dita Mentari Putri ◽  
Ferry Hermawan
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Asset Management ◽  
Public Works ◽  
Public Infrastructure ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Education Department ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
The Public ◽  
Disaster Insurance ◽  
Asset Managers

The use of disaster insurance for public infrastructure is still uncommon in Indonesia, including in Semarang. The success of the adoption of disaster insurance for public infrastructure is inevitably dependent on the acceptance of stakeholders. The aim of this study is to analyse the power and interest of stakeholders towards the use of disaster insurance for public infrastructure in Semarang. Data was collected via interviews and focussed group discussions with stakeholders of Semarang government officials, asset managers, users, etc. The power-interest grid of stakeholders divides the stakeholders based on their levels of power and interests, resulting in four categories, i.e. players, subjects, crowds, and context setters. This research identified the players are the Mayor, Regional Disaster Management Authority, and Regional Financial and Asset Management Authority (5.5%); the subjects category includes The Public Works Department of Human Settlements and Highways, Public Works Department, Trade Department, majority Public Health Center (40.7%); the crowds are Education Department and majority public schools (53.7%); and no context setters (0%). This study found that low trust in the insurer is a major factor causing a lack of interest in the use of insurance. The results of this study are valuable to understand the stakeholder map of Semarang city based on power and interest aspects, and serve as a basis for developing disaster insurance adoption strategies for public infrastructure.

scholarly journals Forms of international movement of capital with special emphasis on the PPP and concessions

Spatium ◽  
2016 ◽  
pp. 55-60
Author(s):  
Sanja Sovran ◽  
Miroljub Hadzic
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Public Works ◽  
Public Infrastructure ◽  
Best Interest ◽  
The Public ◽  
Developed Economies ◽  
Public Baths ◽  
State Budgets ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Reduce Risk

The state has always cooperated with the private sector in order to implement various activities in the best interest of public. The first models of public-private partnerships (PPP) appeared at the time of the Roman Empire in the context of public works in construction of public baths, markets and ports. Contemporary international movement of capital is a phenomenon that has existed for over a century. When discussing the PPP in modern day terms, the expansion of private involvement in the public sector starts in the 1970s and the 1980s of the previous century, in public infrastructure projects and in most developed economies. The primary purpose of these arrangements is to reduce expenditures in state budgets, but also to achieve faster and better execution of work, reduce risk and efficiently manage the projects. This paper will briefly present the evolution of PPPs and concessions, with an emphasis on understanding money and capital throughout the evolution of PPP, contemporary forms of movement of capital, as well as equity in terms of globalization. The subject of this paper are also examples of the important PPPs and concessions from the construction of the Suez Canal until today.

DID PUBLIC CASH TRANSFER CROWD OUT INTER-HOUSEHOLD TRANSFERS IN INDONESIA? EVIDENCE FROM "BANTUAN LANGSUNG TUNAI /BLT"

INFO ARTHA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-84
Author(s):  
Corry Wulandari ◽  
Nadezhda Baryshnikova
Keyword(s):  
Cash Transfer ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Crowding Out ◽  
Transfer System ◽  
Transfer Program ◽  
Exact Matching ◽  
The Public ◽  
Indonesia Family Life Survey ◽  
Public Transfers ◽  
The Government

In 2005 the Government of Indonesia introduced an unconditional cash transfer program called the ‘Bantuan Langsung Tunai’ (BLT), aimed at assisting poor people who were suffering from the removal of a fuel subsidy. There are concerns, however, that the introduction of a public transfer system can negatively affect inter-household transfers through the crowding-out effect, which exists when donor households reduce the amount of their transfers in line with public transfers received from the government. The poor may not therefore have received any meaningful impact from the public cash transfer, as they potentially receive fewer transfers from inter-household private donors. For the government to design a public transfer system, it is necessary to properly understand the dynamics of private transfer behaviour. Hence, this study evaluates whether there exists a crowding-out effect of public transfers on inter-household transfers in Indonesia.Using data from the Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) and by applying Coarsened Exact Matching (CEM) and Difference-in-differences (DID) approaches, this study found that the likelihood to receive transfers from other family members (non-co-resident) reduces when the household receives BLT. However, there is no significant impact of BLT on transfers from parents and friends.

“Manual for the Design and Execution of the Repair of Concrete Structures” of the Public Works Research Institute

2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (12) ◽  
pp. 1162-1168
Author(s):  
H. Katahira ◽  
I. Sasaki ◽  
I. Naitou ◽  
H. Sakuraba
Keyword(s):  
Concrete Structures ◽  
Public Works ◽  
The Public ◽  
Research Institute

scholarly journals COVID-19 in Southeast Asia: Implications for workers and unions

2021 ◽  
pp. 002218562110000
Author(s):  
Michele Ford ◽  
Kristy Ward
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Industrial Relations ◽  
First Year ◽  
Labour Relations ◽  
The Public ◽  
Market Effects ◽  
Export Orientation ◽  
Health Measures

The labour market effects in Southeast Asia of the COVID-19 pandemic have attracted considerable analysis from both scholars and practitioners. However, much less attention has been paid to the pandemic’s impact on legal protections for workers’ and unions’ rights, or to what might account for divergent outcomes in this respect in economies that share many characteristics, including a strong export orientation in labour-intensive industries and weak industrial relations institutions. Having described the public health measures taken to control the spread of COVID-19 in Indonesia, Cambodia and Vietnam, this article analyses governments’ employment-related responses and their impact on workers and unions in the first year of the pandemic. Based on this analysis, we conclude that the disruption caused to these countries’ economies, and societies, served to reproduce existing patterns of state–labour relations rather than overturning them.

scholarly journals Using Aerial and Vehicular NFV Infrastructures to Agilely Create Vertical Services

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1342
Author(s):  
Borja Nogales ◽  
Miguel Silva ◽  
Ivan Vidal ◽  
Miguel Luís ◽  
Francisco Valera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Network Services ◽  
Network Function Virtualization ◽  
Mobile Environments ◽  
Network Resources ◽  
The Public ◽  
Network Function ◽  
And Performance

5G communications have become an enabler for the creation of new and more complex networking scenarios, bringing together different vertical ecosystems. Such behavior has been fostered by the network function virtualization (NFV) concept, where the orchestration and virtualization capabilities allow the possibility of dynamically supplying network resources according to its needs. Nevertheless, the integration and performance of heterogeneous network environments, each one supported by a different provider, and with specific characteristics and requirements, in a single NFV framework is not straightforward. In this work we propose an NFV-based framework capable of supporting the flexible, cost-effective deployment of vertical services, through the integration of two distinguished mobile environments and their networks: small sized unmanned aerial vehicles (SUAVs), supporting a flying ad hoc network (FANET) and vehicles, promoting a vehicular ad hoc network (VANET). In this context, a use case involving the public safety vertical will be used as an illustrative example to showcase the potential of this framework. This work also includes the technical implementation details of the framework proposed, allowing to analyse and discuss the delays on the network services deployment process. The results show that the deployment times can be significantly reduced through a distributed VNF configuration function based on the publish–subscribe model.

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