scholarly journals Preset boundary conditions and the possibility of making time crystals

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-Xiang Chen
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Condition ◽  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Special Relativity ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Complex Number ◽  
Algebraic System ◽  
Ring Structure ◽  
Time Dimension ◽  
Novel Theory ◽  
The 19Th Century

Using the quaternion algebraic tools widely used at the end of the 19th century, we deduce a novel theory of space-time unity that can enhance the theories of special relativity and general relativity.When the preset boundary condition-the ratio of the temperature of the two systems is a complex number, then the entropy can be constructed into the ring structure of the algebraic system, and the entropy and the time dimension are in the same direction, then it is possible to construct a time crystal.

A genesis of special relativity

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 1530024
Author(s):  
Valérie Messager ◽  
Christophe Letellier
Keyword(s):  
Special Relativity ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Maxwell Equations ◽  
Light Propagation ◽  
Principle Of Relativity ◽  
Light Rays ◽  
Optical Phenomena ◽  
Light Particles ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Waves

The genesis of special relativity is intimately related to the development of the theory of light propagation. When optical phenomena were described, there are typically two kinds of theories: (i) One based on light rays and light particles and (ii) one considering the light as waves. When diffraction and refraction were experimentally discovered, light propagation became more often described in terms of waves. Nevertheless, when attempts were made to explain how light was propagated, it was nearly always in terms of a corpuscular theory combined with an ether, a subtle medium supporting the waves. Consequently, most of the theories from Newton's to those developed in the 19th century were dual and required the existence of an ether. We therefore used the ether as our Ariadne thread for explaining how the principle of relativity became generalized to the so-called Maxwell equations around the 1900's. Our aim is more to describe how the successive ideas were developed and interconnected than framing the context in which these ideas arose.

scholarly journals Geometric aspects of high-order eigenvalue problems I. Structures on spaces of boundary conditions

2004 ◽  
Vol 2004 (13) ◽  
pp. 647-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xifang Cao ◽  
Hongyou Wu
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Condition ◽  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Complex Number ◽  
Geometric Structure ◽  
Eigenvalue Problems ◽  
Arbitrary Order ◽  
High Order ◽  
Manifold Structure ◽  
Complex Boundary ◽  
Quasidifferential Equation

We consider some geometric aspects of regular eigenvalue problems of an arbitrary order. First, we clarify a natural geometric structure on the space of boundary conditions. This structure is the base for studying the dependence of eigenvalues on the boundary condition involved, and reveals new properties of these eigenvalues. Then, we solve the selfadjointness condition explicitly and obtain a manifold structure on the space of selfadjoint boundary conditions and several other consequences. Moreover, we give complete characterizations of several subsets of boundary conditions such as the set of all complex boundary conditions having a given complex number as an eigenvalue, and describe some of them topologically. The shapes of some of these subsets are shown to be independent of the quasidifferential equation in question.

scholarly journals A complete classification of three-dimensional algebras over ℝ and ℂ — (visiting old, learn new)

2020 ◽  
pp. 2150131
Author(s):  
Yuji Kobayashi ◽  
Kiyoshi Shirayanagi ◽  
Makoto Tsukada ◽  
Sin-Ei Takahasi
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Complex Number ◽  
Elementary Proof ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Number Fields ◽  
Complete Classification ◽  
Associative Algebras ◽  
Multiplication Tables ◽  
The 19Th Century

We provide a complete classification of three-dimensional associative algebras over the real and complex number fields based on a completely elementary proof. We list up all the multiplication tables of the algebras up to isomorphism. We compare our results with those given by mathematicians in the 19th century and this century.

Shrinking planet, expanding imaginary: the imperial press system and the idea of Greater Britain

2021 ◽  
pp. 004711782110456
Author(s):  
Andrew Dougall
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Political Thought ◽  
Historical Change ◽  
Communication Media ◽  
White Settler ◽  
Global Modernity ◽  
Political Structures ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship

This article explores the relationship between the 19th century ‘global transformation’ and the contemporary intensification of communication media through the lens of Greater Britain, a late-Victorian ordering imaginary centred on the integration of Britain and its white settler colonies. Contrary to existing conceptions of globe-spanning media as either components of ‘interaction capacity’ or boundary conditions that set broad outer limits for political thought, I advance an understanding of media as socio-technical and political structures in their own right and explore how they surface meanings and representations upon which imaginaries such as Greater Britain depended. The argument thereby contributes to IR debates on global modernity, communication media and the dynamics of historical change.

Grammatical Descriptions in Manchu Grammar Books from the Qing Dynasty

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-55
Author(s):  
Takashi Takekoshi
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Qing Dynasty ◽  
The Qing Dynasty ◽  
Chinese Scholars ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The 19Th Century

In this paper, we analyse features of the grammatical descriptions in Manchu grammar books from the Qing Dynasty. Manchu grammar books exemplify how Chinese scholars gave Chinese names to grammatical concepts in Manchu such as case, conjugation, and derivation which exist in agglutinating languages but not in isolating languages. A thorough examination reveals that Chinese scholarly understanding of Manchu grammar at the time had attained a high degree of sophistication. We conclude that the reason they did not apply modern grammatical concepts until the end of the 19th century was not a lack of ability but because the object of their grammatical descriptions was Chinese, a typical isolating language.

Immigrant Arab Women in Chile during the Renaissance (Nahda), 1910s-1920s

1970 ◽  
pp. 47-55
Author(s):  
Sarah Limorté
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
New World ◽  
Arab Women ◽  
Arab Woman ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century

Levantine immigration to Chile started during the last quarter of the 19th century. This immigration, almost exclusively male at the outset, changed at the beginning of the 20th century when women started following their fathers, brothers, and husbands to the New World. Defining the role and status of the Arab woman within her community in Chile has never before been tackled in a detailed study. This article attempts to broach the subject by looking at Arabic newspapers published in Chile between 1912 and the end of the 1920s. A thematic analysis of articles dealing with the question of women or written by women, appearing in publications such as Al-Murshid, Asch-Schabibat, Al-Watan, and Oriente, will be discussed.

THE IDEA OF «COMMUNITY» IN THE GOVERNMENT CONCEPTS OF GALICIA OF THE XIX – BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY

2019 ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
Liubomyr Ilyn
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Legal Studies ◽  
Legal Principle ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right ◽  
The 19Th Century

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to analyze and systematize the views of social and political thinkers of Galicia in the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. on the right and manner of organizing a nation-state as a cathedral. Method. The methodology includes a set of general scientific, special legal, special historical and philosophical methods of scientific knowledge, as well as the principles of objectivity, historicism, systematic and comprehensive. The problem-chronological approach made it possible to identify the main stages of the evolution of the content of the idea of catholicity in Galicia's legal thought of the 19th century. Results. It is established that the idea of catholicity, which was borrowed from church terminology, during the nineteenth century. acquired clear legal and philosophical features that turned it into an effective principle of achieving state unity and integrity. For the Ukrainian statesmen of the 19th century. the idea of catholicity became fundamental in view of the separation of Ukrainians between the Russian and Austro-Hungarian empires. The idea of unity of Ukrainians of Galicia and the Dnieper region, formulated for the first time by the members of the Russian Trinity, underwent a long evolution and received theoretical reflection in the work of Bachynsky's «Ukraine irredenta». It is established that catholicity should be understood as a legal principle, according to which decisions are made in dialogue, by consensus, and thus able to satisfy the absolute majority of citizens of the state. For Galician Ukrainians, the principle of unity in the nineteenth century. implemented through the prism of «state» and «international» approaches. Scientific novelty. The main stages of formation and development of the idea of catholicity in the views of social and political figures of Halychyna of the XIX – beginning of the XX centuries are highlighted in the work. and highlighting the distinctive features of «national statehood» that they promoted and understood as possible in the process of unification of Ukrainian lands into one state. Practical significance. The results of the study can be used in further historical and legal studies, preparation of special courses.

Book reviews

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-226
Author(s):  
Kurdish Studies
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Spatial Control ◽  
Cornell University ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Turkish State ◽  
The 19Th Century

Andrea Fischer-Tahir and Sophie Wagenhofer (edsF), Disciplinary Spaces: Spatial Control, Forced Assimilation and Narratives of Progress since the 19th Century, Bielefeld: Transcript Verlag, 2017, 300 pp., (ISBN: 978-3-8376-3487-7).Ayşegül Aydın and Cem Emrence, Zones of Rebellion: Kurdish Insurgents and the Turkish State, Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2015, 192 pp., (ISBN: 978-0-801-45354-0).Evgenia I. Vasil’eva, Yugo-Vostochniy Kurdistan v XVI-XIX vv. Istochnik po Istorii Kurdskikh Emiratov Ardelan i Baban. [South-Eastern Kurdistan in the XVI-XIXth cc. A Source for the Study of Kurdish Emirates of Ardalān and Bābān], St Petersburg: Nestor-Istoria, 2016. 176 pp., (ISBN 978-5-4469-0775-5).Karin Mlodoch, The Limits of Trauma Discourse: Women Anfal Survivors in Kurdistan-Iraq, Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 2014, 541 pp., (ISBN: 978-3-87997-719-2). 

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