turkish state
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2022 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Ayhan Işık

This paper focuses on how the paramilitary organisations of the Turkish state have transformed and been used over time as a ‘useful’ tool against dissidents, especially the Kurds. Paramilitary groups have been one of the main actors in the war between the Turkish state and the PKK, which has been ongoing for nearly forty years. These groups have sometimes been used as auxiliary forces and at other times made into death squads operating alongside the official armed forces, and they have mainly been used against Kurdish civilians who allegedly support the PKK, especially at the height of the war in unsolved murders, enforced disappearances and extrajudicial killings since the 1980. In this article, I argue that the Turkish state elites use this apparatus not only in domestic politics but also in conflicts in the Middle East and the Caucasus and that this paramilitary tradition of the state even extends to western Europe.


Poligrafi ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 5-29
Author(s):  
Anna Maria Beylunioglu ◽  
Özgür Kaymak

The relationship between state and non-Muslim communities has been a delicate issue since the founding of the Turkish Republic despite the principle of secularism stated in its constitution. Against this background, the association of national identity with Sunni-Islam has been the main marker of inclusion/exclusion to the national identity. Especially since 2002 when the Justice and Development Party (JDP) came to power, the debates with regard to freedom of religion and the rights of religious minorities came to fore. Over the course of decades there have been numerous studies approaching the state’s perspective towards religious minorities. However, there are still scarce amount of academic studies that focuses on citizenship experiences of the members of these communities in their daily and social life practices. In this article, we first provide a historical perspective of the state towards religious minorities from the establishment of the Republic until today including the JDP period. In the second part of this study we aim to explore recasting perspectives of the non-Muslim minorities over the previous decade by taking the standpoint of the members of Greek Orthodox, Jews and Armenian communities. To this end, we conduct in-depth interviews with the members of these communities who are residing in Istanbul. Finally, new negotiation fields which have been flourishing among these communities will be addressed.


Poligrafi ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 261-287
Author(s):  
Gökçe Balaban

How could one account for the discourse of security used by the Turkish state considering the Kurdish issue before 1984, when the terrorist attacks of the Partiya Karkaren Kurdistani (PKK) had not yet started, and hence there was no physical security threat against the state? This article aims to answer this question from the perspective of ontological (in)security. Based on Critical Discourse Analysis of state discourse, the article argues that the political, social and cultural traits of Kurdish identity created uncertainty in the Turkish self after the Sheikh Said rebellion in 1925. Tribal/religious structures that were influential among Kurds and the expression of Kurdishness as a distinct identity disrupted the autobiographical narratives about Turkishness, hence generating ontological insecurity for the Turkish state. To overcome this problem, the state relied on security discourse and securitized the traits of Kurdish identity, by which it felt threatened. As a result of this securitization, the state was able to legitimize the extraordinary measures taken against Kurds, such as forced resettlements. Securitization, in this sense, regenerated ontological security for the state, because the extraordinary measures served to suppress the Kurdish identity that threatened the certainty and continuity of the Turkish self.


2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (5(38)) ◽  
pp. 21-26
Author(s):  
Valery Anatolyevich Porodenko ◽  
Alexander Sergeevich Penkin

Information is presented on the nature of the injuries sustained as a result of road accidents involving motor vehicles, according to the State Medical Institution «Bureau of Forensic Medical Examination» of the Ministry of Health of the Krasnodar Territory and the Turkish State University — TRAKYA UNIVERSITY MEDICAL FACULTY.


2021 ◽  
Vol 148 (4) ◽  
pp. 813-823
Author(s):  
Karolina Wanda Olszowska

Poles have found a place of refuge in Turkey (the Ottoman Empire) for centuries. For example, there is a village near Istanbul, Polonezköy (former Adampol), which was especially created with the Poles on the search for a second home in mind. When one considers the Polish community in Turkey during and after the Second World War, the contributions made by the Polish engineers to the development and expansion of the Turkish aviation and industry are often forgotten. The assistance that Turkey provided Poles with during the war as a ‘friendly’ neutral country has also been overlooked. Although, there were relatively few Poles living in Turkey during this period, they played a vital role in the development of the country. Nowadays they barely receive a mention. For the most part, their accomplishments have been overlooked. The aim of this paper is to draw attention to the shared past and to the period when these two countries came to each other’s assistance once more.


2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eda Duruk

Despite the centrality of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) in language teaching and assessment, studies investigating its learning outcomes in language program evaluations are quite scarce. This paper aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a modular English preparatory school program through the Foreign Language Skills Scale. The research sample consists of 357 preparatory school students having attained B1+ level of proficiency in the program. The results revealed that while the language program designed to be in line with the CEFR guidelines, in general, serves for the needs of the students, there are still some discrepancies between the learning outcomes of B1+ and opinions of students about their competencies, especially in listening sub-skills.


Author(s):  
Emre TOPÇU ◽  
◽  
Neslihan SEÇKİN ◽  

In this study, drought analysis was carried out in the region, which includes the Eastern Mediterranean, Seyhan, Ceyhan and Asi Basins located in the south of Turkey. In total, data from 35 meteorological stations has been analyzed. As a drought index, the Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI) was utilised. The Thornthwaite method was selected in the calculation of Potential Evapotranspiration (PET). According to the results, the PET values of all stations have increased in recent years. 3, 6, 9, and 12 month RDI values have been plotted based on the hydrological years. As stated by RDI results, there was mild drought in the basin. The drought results obtained by Turkish State Meteorological Service (The Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry General Directorate of Meteorology) with the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) method were compared with the results in this study. In this study, drought mapping for RDI was carried out using the annual values of stations with common observation years to monitor visually spatial spread of the drought.


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