scholarly journals The good, the bad and the ugly: A qualitative secondary analysis into the impact of doping and anti-doping on clean elite athletes in five European countries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Martinelli ◽  
Sam Thrower ◽  
Andrew Heyes ◽  
Ian Boardley ◽  
Susan H Backhouse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Elite Athletes ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Rule Compliance ◽  
Poor Treatment ◽  
Qualitative Secondary Analysis ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

Background: Although a precise percentage of athletes doping has remained elusive, evidence to date suggest that the majority of athletes are ‘clean’. Protecting clean sport, and the rights of athletes to a clean sport environment, is at the centre of anti-doping policies. To better support and enable clean athletes and sport, an understanding of the clean athlete lifeworld is required. This study explores and discusses several ways that clean athletes have been and are affected by doping and anti-doping. Methods: Qualitative Secondary Analysis (QSA) was used to re-analyse and interpret 13 focus group transcripts generated from the ‘Research-Embedded Strategic Plan for Anti-Doping Education Clean Sport Alliance Initiative for Tackling Doping’ (RESPECT) project to explore the impact of doping and anti-doping on clean athletes (see Petroczi et al. 2021). The sample in the parent study included 82 self-declared clean elite athletes, active and recently retired, from Germany (n=23) Ireland (n=14), the Netherlands (n=15), Slovenia (n=14), and the UK (n=16), who collectively represented 36 different sports. Results: Reflexive thematic analysis generated three themes. The first overarching theme captured the harm done by clean athletes having to coexist with dopers (i.e., denied medals, money, moments and memories; altered expectations and perceptions of the self; incite suspicion). The second overarching theme highlighted how clean athletes are undermined by lenient and poor treatment of dopers and clean athletes respectively. The third overarching theme described the anxiety experienced by clean athletes over mistakes that could lead to anti-doping rules violations. Conclusion: The impacts of doping on clean athletes - direct or indirect - are experienced by all clean athletes in some way. The results indicate that current approaches to anti-doping rule compliance frequently undermine clean athletes and the perceive legitimacy of the anti-doping system. With considerable qualitative data on athletes’ views available, secondary data analysis offers a cost effective, quick, and feasible approach for anti-doping research.

Exploring the Benefits of Early Contractor Involvement (ECI) and the Mechanism for Automated 5D BIM Quantification Process in Offsite Modular Construction

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tochukwu Moses ◽  
David Heesom ◽  
David Oloke ◽  
Martin Crouch
Keyword(s):  
Effective Means ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Modular Construction ◽  
Automated Quantification ◽  
Building Information ◽  
Project Risks ◽  
Value Add ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Level 2

The UK Construction Industry through its Government Construction Strategy has recently been mandated to implement Level 2 Building Information Modelling (BIM) on public sector projects. This move, along with other initiatives is key to driving a requirement for 25% cost reduction (establishing the most cost-effective means) on. Other key deliverables within the strategy include reduction in overall project time, early contractor involvement, improved sustainability and enhanced product quality. Collaboration and integrated project delivery is central to the level 2 implementation strategy yet the key protocols or standards relative to cost within BIM processes is not well defined. As offsite construction becomes more prolific within the UK construction sector, this construction approach coupled with BIM, particularly 5D automated quantification process, and early contractor involvement provides significant opportunities for the sector to meet government targets. Early contractor involvement is supported by both the industry and the successive Governments as a credible means to avoid and manage project risks, encourage innovation and value add, making cost and project time predictable, and improving outcomes. The contractor is seen as an expert in construction and could be counter intuitive to exclude such valuable expertise from the pre-construction phase especially with the BIM intent of äóÖbuild it twiceäó», once virtually and once physically. In particular when offsite construction is used, the contractoräó»s construction expertise should be leveraged for the virtual build in BIM-designed projects to ensure a fully streamlined process. Building in a layer of automated costing through 5D BIM will bring about a more robust method of quantification and can help to deliver the 25% reduction in overall cost of a project. Using a literature review and a case study, this paper will look into the benefits of Early Contractor Involvement (ECI) and the impact of 5D BIM on the offsite construction process.

scholarly journals Impact of Flock Health Clubs

Livestock ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 301-307
Author(s):  
Nicola Noble ◽  
Francesca Occhiuto ◽  
Fiona Lovatt ◽  
Marion Johnson ◽  
Wendy Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Rural Society ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Veterinary Profession ◽  
Health Clubs ◽  
Sheep Farmer ◽  
Veterinary Surgeon ◽  
The Impact

Sheep farming is an important part of UK agriculture with significantly more breeding females than either the pig or cattle sectors. Whether grazing alongside arable rotations or utilising the marginal uplands, sheep farms arguably play a key role that is embedded within UK rural society. However, research led by University of Nottingham has identified various challenges and barriers that have affected relationships between UK sheep farmers and the veterinary profession. In response to these findings, Flock Health Clubs were developed as an initiative that aimed for improved and cost-effective sheep farmer–veterinary interaction. We report quantitative and qualitative data that assess the impact of Flock Health Clubs and indeed show tangible improvements in both farmer–veterinary surgeon relationships and measures of flock health and welfare.

scholarly journals Sheep scab spatial distribution: the roles of transmission pathways

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Joanne Nixon ◽  
Ellen Brooks-Pollock ◽  
Richard Wall
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Infected Sheep ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Psoroptes Ovis ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Sheep Scab ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Ovine psoroptic mange (sheep scab) is a highly pathogenic contagious infection caused by the mite Psoroptes ovis. Following 21 years in which scab was eradicated in the UK, it was inadvertently reintroduced in 1972 and, despite the implementation of a range of control methods, its prevalence increased steadily thereafter. Recent reports of resistance to macrocyclic lactone treatments may further exacerbate control problems. A better understanding of the factors that facilitate its transmission are required to allow improved management of this disease. Transmission of infection occurs within and between contiguous sheep farms via infected sheep-to-sheep or sheep–environment contact and through long-distance movements of infected sheep, such as through markets. Methods A stochastic metapopulation model was used to investigate the impact of different transmission routes on the spatial pattern of outbreaks. A range of model scenarios were considered following the initial infection of a cluster of highly connected contiguous farms. Results Scab spreads between clusters of neighbouring contiguous farms after introduction but when long-distance movements are excluded, infection then self-limits spatially at boundaries where farm connectivity is low. Inclusion of long-distance movements is required to generate the national patterns of disease spread observed. Conclusions Preventing the movement of scab infested sheep through sales and markets is essential for any national management programme. If effective movement control can be implemented, regional control in geographic areas where farm densities are high would allow more focussed cost-effective scab management. Graphical Abstract

scholarly journals Global Financial Crisis and Philanthropy: Malaysian Case

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janice Lay Hui Nga
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Mixed Method ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Civil Society Organisations ◽  
The Global Financial Crisis ◽  
The Impact ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Method Approach

This paper investigates the issue of the global financial crisis and its impacts on philanthropy and civil society organisations (CSOs) in Malaysia. CSOs are popularly known as non-governmental organisations (NGOs) in Malaysia. Financial crisis has caused NGOs in many countries to receive less funding. This situation may threaten and discourage voluntary works. Undoubtedly, these beneficial contributions from the NGOs are needful services to the society. This paper examines the impact of financial crisis through the lens of NGOs and philanthropy activities in Malaysia. It utilises primary and secondary data, employs a mixed method approach, and uses quantitative and qualitative data. While there are many influencing factors in this development, this paper presents several significant aspects in the Malaysian context, including the style and nature of giving, culture, religion, and political pressure. This study attempts to seek potential solutions, pathways and possible approaches beneficial to NGOs and philanthropy activities for their sustainability in facing the financial crisis and its consequences. Experiences and lessons learnt in Malaysia may well be useful and applicable to some extent in other countries.

scholarly journals Impact of Crude Prices on Retail Prices – A Time Series Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2S7) ◽  
pp. 606-612
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Time Series Analysis ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Multivariate Time Series ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Series Analysis ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

The UK has emerged as one of the largest producers of petroleum in the world. A significant amount of petroleum is used for fulfilling the energy demand within the country. However, the country witnessed a different trend from 2015. This is mainly due to the increase in imports of petroleum in order to meet domestic needs. To this, there is a need to identify the impact of changes exist in petrol and crude oil prices in the UK. In this context, the researcher has undertaken primary research to derive conclusions which are case specific and can comply with the research aim. The study used secondary data for the year 2015-2018 and conducted multivariate time series analysis. A series of tests including unit root, ARIMA, and co-integration tests were used to derive the results. The study found that there was an asymmetric relationship between the movements of prices of crude oil with respect to retail fuel prices in the long run. However, the study is not without limitations which are represented at the end of the study following with its future scope

scholarly journals A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Newborn Screening for Severe Combined Immunodeficiency in the UK

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Bessey ◽  
James Chilcott ◽  
Joanna Leaviss ◽  
Carmen de la Cruz ◽  
Ruth Wong
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Combined Immunodeficiency ◽  
Tree Model ◽  
Life Years ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) can be detected through newborn bloodspot screening. In the UK, the National Screening Committee (NSC) requires screening programmes to be cost-effective at standard UK thresholds. To assess the cost-effectiveness of SCID screening for the NSC, a decision-tree model with lifetable estimates of outcomes was built. Model structure and parameterisation were informed by systematic review and expert clinical judgment. A public service perspective was used and lifetime costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) were discounted at 3.5%. Probabilistic, one-way sensitivity analyses and an exploratory disbenefit analysis for the identification of non-SCID patients were conducted. Screening for SCID was estimated to result in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of £18,222 with a reduction in SCID mortality from 8.1 (5–12) to 1.7 (0.6–4.0) cases per year of screening. Results were sensitive to a number of parameters, including the cost of the screening test, the incidence of SCID and the disbenefit to the healthy at birth and false-positive cases. Screening for SCID is likely to be cost-effective at £20,000 per QALY, key uncertainties relate to the impact on false positives and the impact on the identification of children with non-SCID T Cell lymphopenia.

scholarly journals The variable and evolving nature of ‘cuckooing’ as a form of criminal exploitation in street level drug markets

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 301-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Spicer ◽  
Leah Moyle ◽  
Ross Coomber
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Crack Cocaine ◽  
Drug Markets ◽  
Drug Supply ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
Criminal Exploitation ◽  
Local Residents ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Dominant Narratives ◽  
The Impact

AbstractA form of criminal exploitation rarely mentioned in the academic literature has recently emerged, evolved and taken meaningful hold in the UK. Hundreds of cases of ‘cuckooing’ have been reported, where heroin and crack cocaine dealers associated with the so-called ‘County Lines’ supply methodology have taken over the homes of local residents and created outposts to facilitate their supply operations in satellite locations. Dominant narratives surrounding this practice have stressed its exploitative nature and the vulnerabilities of those involved. Combining qualitative data from two studies, this paper critically analyses the model of cuckooing and the experiences of those affected. In turn it explores the impact of County Lines on affected areas and local populations, a topic that has received little academic scrutiny. Four typologies of cuckooing are constructed, highlighting its variance and complexity. Findings also suggest it to be a growing method of criminal exploitation beyond drug supply with a possible burgeoning presence being realised internationally.

scholarly journals Exploring youth information-seeking behaviour and mobile technologies through a secondary analysis of qualitative data

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 322-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leanne Bowler ◽  
Heidi Julien ◽  
Leslie Haddon
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Information Seeking ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Secondary Data Analysis ◽  
Mobile Technologies ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Information Behaviour

This paper examines issues associated with secondary analysis of qualitative data and their implications for information behaviour scholarship. Secondary data analysis poses a range of potential challenges for data creators, but also opportunities, including the ability to expand theory to a wider context, strengthen the reliability and validity of existing theory, gain access to populations that may be difficult to access, and to promote data archiving. The paper uses as a case study of secondary data analysis the results from our re-examination of data gathered previously in the European Union project Net Children Go Mobile, drawing from the interview transcripts from the 34 children in the UK data set. Our approach to secondary analysis was reanalysis, applying a new interpretive lens to the data that necessitated new questions in order to reveal hidden layers in the data. The data was analysed for evidence of information behaviour in order to understand how mobile technologies may be changing the way that young people seek and use information. The reanalysis of the data set supported existing models of information behaviour but revealed new ways of information seeking based on the affordances of screen size and data plans.

scholarly journals Modelling the impact of clozapine on suicide in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia in the UK

2003 ◽  
Vol 182 (6) ◽  
pp. 505-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andy Duggan ◽  
Juliet Warner ◽  
Martin Knapp ◽  
Robert Kerwin
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Resource Utilisation ◽  
Treatment Resistant ◽  
Resistant Disease ◽  
Support Costs ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

BackgroundSchizophrenia is a major cause of suicide, and symptoms characteristic of treatment-resistant disease are strong risk factors. Clozapine reduces symptoms in 60% of such patients and significantly decreases the risk of suicide.AimsTo model the impact of increased clozapine prescribing on lives saved and resource utilisation.MethodA model was built to compare current levels of clozapine prescribing with a scenario in which all suitable patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia received clozapine.ResultsIt was estimated that an average of 53 lives could be saved in the UK each year. If clozapine is cost-neutral, the cost per life-year saved is $.5108. If clozapine achieves a 10% reduction in annual support costs, the net saving is $8.7 million per annum. An average of 167 acute beds would be freed each year.ConclusionsThe use of clozapine in treatment-resistant schizophrenia saves lives, frees resources and is cost-effective.

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