scholarly journals Deverbal Nominals in Toba Batak Language: A Generative Transformational Study

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esron Ambarita
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
New Words ◽  
Observation Methods ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Morphological Processes ◽  
Toba Batak ◽  
Complex Words ◽  
Deverbal Nominals ◽  
Modified Theory ◽  
Phonological Rules

This paper aims at exploring deverbal nominals in Toba Batak language from the view point of generative transformational study. The theory of generative morphology has predictive power to generate new words. Considering the particular rules of word formation in Toba Batak language, Halle’s theory is modified to be adjusted to Toba Batak morphological system. Two new integrated components, Orthographic and Phonological Rules are added between Halle’s Filter and Dictionary. Therefore, there are six components of sets of generative transformational rules as modified theory in this study, i.e. List of Morphemes, Word Formation Rules, Filter, Orthographic Rules, Phonological Rules, and Dictionary. Data analyses were done using modified theory but they refer to Halle’s model as the main theory. This research applied descriptive qualitative method. The data were obtained by using observation methods and their techniques and interlocution method and its techniques. The collected data are voice-recordings and writings. The research findings comprise that deverbal nominals in Toba Batak language are done by attaching: (1) prefix [par-], (2) prefix [paN-], (3) confix [ha-an], (4) confix [paN-an], (5) confix [paN -on], (6) confix [par-an], (7) affix combination [paηin-], and (8) affix combination [paηun-]. The processes of attaching those affixes generate complex words which have different grammatical and lexical meanings. Morphological processes found in the word formation are phoneme deletion, phoneme assimilation, and phoneme addition. The processes of attaching those affixes bring about semantic and phonological idiosyncrasies, therefore, such words must be processed in filter to generate acceptable words in Toba Batak language.

scholarly journals Adverbial Derivation in Toba Batak Language: A Generative Transformational Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 104
Author(s):  
Esron Ambarita
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
View Point ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Morphological Processes ◽  
Toba Batak ◽  
Complex Words ◽  
Modified Theory ◽  
Phonological Rules ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

The purpose of this article is to elaborate adverbial derivation in Toba Batak language from the view point of generative transformational study. The data were analysed by applying modified theory with reference to Halle’s model as the main theory.  Therefore, there are six components of sets of generative transformational rules as modified theory in this study, i.e. List of Morphemes, Word Formation Rules, Filter, Orthographic Rules, Phonological Rules, and Dictionary. The method of this study is descriptive qualitative. The data were collected by using observation and interview. The collected data are voice-recordings and writings. The research findings show that adverbial derivation in Toba Batak language are done by attaching (1) prefix [par-], (2) prefix [maN-], (3) prefix [mar-], (4) affix combination [-umal-], and (5) affix combination [-umar-] to stems. The results of the affixation processes generate complex words which have new grammatical and lexical meanings. Phoneme assimilation takes place in morphological processes particularly with prefix [ma-]. The inflectional processes of attaching those affixes bring about phonological idiosyncrasy; therefore, such words must be processed in filter to generate acceptable words in Toba Batak language.

scholarly journals ADJECTIVE REDUPLICATION IN TOBA BATAK LANGUAGE

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esron Ambarita ◽  
Robert Sibarani
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
Basic Meaning ◽  
Morphological Processes ◽  
Toba Batak

This paper aims at exploring adjective reduplication in Toba Batak language. The major issue in this descriptive microlinguistic study is the formations of adjective reduplication. There are some urgent points under discussion, namely, the identification of the morpheme that form the formation of the adjective reduplication, the morphological processes of the word formation, and the meaning emerged as the result of the morphological processes. The result of the analysis shows that there are five types of adjective reduplication in Toba Batak language, they are, (1) full adjective reduplication, (2) partial adjective reduplication with prefix mar- and um-, (3) partial adjective reduplication with infix –um-, (4) partial adjective reduplication with suffix –an, -hian, and –an, and (5) partial adjective reduplication with marsi-i, ha-assa, ma-hu, pa-hu, sa-na, and um-hian. The meanings of the adjective reduplication can be grouped into eight, namely, (1) refers to the basic meaning of the base adjective, (2) in the condition as mentioned in the base adjective, (3) has the characteristic as mentioned in the base adjective, (4) shows degree of comparison, (5) shows differences, (6) shows that something or some one is just so so .... as mentioned in the base adjective, (7) shows that something or some one is too ..., and (8) expresses superlative degree about something or some one.

scholarly journals NOMINAL WORD FORMATIONS IN TOBA BATAK LANGUAGE: A STUDY OF GENERATIVE MORPHOLOGY

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esron Ambarita
Keyword(s):  
Basic Principle ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Toba Batak ◽  
Complex Words ◽  
Free Word

The objective of this paper is to explore nominal word formations in Toba Batak language. The theory applied in this study is generative morphology proposed by Halle (1973). The basic principle in generative morphology is that the process of word formations can generate actual words and potential words. According to generative morphology the mechanism of word formations will be postulated in list of morphemes, word formation rules, filter, and dictionary. The method of this study is qualitative descriptive; it is a method of study which describes language phenomena naturally without any exception. The results show that nominal word formations in Toba Batak language are distinguished in 3 main ways, they are: [1] by attaching affixations, [2] by inserting premodifier ni between adjectival bases and nominal bases, and [3] by moving the stress of free adjectival bases from the first syllable to the second syllable. There are 14 affixations that can form nouns in Toba Batak language, they are: (i) six prefixes (par-, na-, sa-, sanha-, hina-, ha-), (ii) two infixes (-ar-, -al-), (iii) one suffix (-na), (iv) four multiple affixations (ha-…-on, pa-…-an, pa-…-on, par-…-an), and (v) double affixations (par-in-). Nominal word formations derive from various free word bases, such as, free adjectival bases, free verbal bases, free nominal bases, free numeric bases, and free adverbial bases. The results of these affixations can be inflectional or derivational. Some complex words have to be put into filter to be processed morphophonologically before they are put into dictionary.

scholarly journals A Feature Percolation Convention of Affixation Processes in Urhobo

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (14) ◽  
pp. 113-125
Author(s):  
Odeh B. E. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Formation Process ◽  
Percolation Theory ◽  
Semantic Information ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Rich Source ◽  
Grammatical Class ◽  
New Words ◽  
Morphological Processes ◽  
Feature Percolation

This paper seeks to examine headedness in affixation processes in Urhobo using a feature percolation approach. Affixation is a rich source of word formation process in the Urhobo language. The specific objectives are to identify affixation processes in Urhobo, investigate how they are used to derive words and determine headedness in the Urhobo language using a feature percolation theory as a framework. This paper reveals three affixation processes in Urhobo, which are prefixes, circumfixes and suffixes. Affixation is a derivational aspect of morphology and it brings about change in the grammatical class of the word or rather, provides additional semantic information to a word. The paper discovers that new words are derived in the language by attaching an affix either at the beginning (prefix), or to the end (suffix) of a word. This process is very productive in the language. The paper reveals that the head of a word using prefix is left-right branching while for suffixes, it is right-left branching. The prefix and suffix attached to a root to form the circumfix project to be the head of a word. The study observes circumfixes to have two heads. Feature percolation theory is also used to determine the head of a word in Urhobo. The paper concludes by recommending further researches on the use of theories especially morphological theories in analysing morphological processes in Urhobo.

scholarly journals Forming new words: Compounds in Devayan

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-116
Author(s):  
Zulfadli Abdul Aziz ◽  
Bukhari Daud ◽  
Muhammad Wiwin
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
Compound Words ◽  
Morphological Process ◽  
New Words ◽  
Morphological Processes

As a part of word formation in the morphological process, compounding generally covers the types of words to be combined. This present study seeks the morphological process in forming words through compounding in the Devayan language spoken in Simeulue, Aceh, Indonesia. This study is also to analyze the meaning that occurs from the result of the compounding process. In collecting the data, this research uses the elicitation technique which is constructed by Bowern (2015). The informants of this research are the native Devayan who live in La’ayon, Angkeo, Naibos and Maudil, Teupah Barat sub-district, Simeulue. The research finds that the compounding process in Devayan consists of compounding of two nouns, compounding of noun and verb, compounding of noun and adjective, compounding of verb and adjective, compounding of verb and noun, and compounding of adjective and noun and compounding of two verbs. The result of the process produces some meanings, namely about (1) the product, (2) specific use, (3) time, and (4) condition. This study indicates that Devayan uses various compound words with different morphological processes. It is hoped that this study is beneficial for its natives as documentation and non-native as a reference to compounding formation in the language.

scholarly journals Composition as A Way of Forming the Terms of Medical Instruments and Surgical Devices in Modern Chinese

2021 ◽  
Vol 04 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lola Akmalovna Sultanova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Structural Models ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
New Words ◽  
Modern Chinese ◽  
Surgical Devices ◽  
Medical Instruments ◽  
Contemporary Medicine ◽  
Complex Words

Studying any foreign language, involves a detailed study of all its aspects including Chinese. Medical instruments and equipment are one of the most significant components of contemporary medicine. 构词法gòucífǎ- word formation is the process of creating new words based on existing language units. In this aspect, word formation is considered as one of the most significant means in replenishing the vocabulary of the language. New words in a language are formed according to certain rules, models and schemes - according to certain patterns, which form a certain linguistic mechanism, which is called word formation. As a result of compounding, complex words are formed, between the components of which there are usually similar relationships, the basic models of compounding are developed in the works of A.I. Ivanov and E.D. Polivanov, I.M. Oshanin, V.M. Solntsev, N.N. Korotkov, as well as in the works of such Chinese linguists as Lu Zhiwei, Zhang Shoukang, Ren Xuelyang, and others. In this article, we give examples of the structural models of word formation of Lu Zhiwei.

scholarly journals PROSES MORFOLOGIS BAHASA ALAY (MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESSES OF ALAY LANGUAGE)

JALABAHASA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-100
Author(s):  
Dian Khristiyanti
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
New Words ◽  
Morphological Processes ◽  
Descriptive Method ◽  
Bahasa Indonesia

Bahasa merupakan alat untuk berkomunikasi yang bersifat arbitrer. Komunitas alay atau anak layangan menggunakan bahasa alay untuk berkomunikasi di kalangan mereka. Kosakata alay berasal dari bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa Inggris yang mereka modifi kasi sehingga terbentuklah kata baru. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif dan bertujuan untuk mengetahui proses pembentukan kata bahasa alay. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, proses morfologis pada bahasa alay adalah singkatan dan akronim, perubahan sebagian vokal dan konsonan, pembalikan susunan fonem, dan pengacuan makna.ABSTRACT Language is a tool for communicating. A language is arbitrary. Alay community using alay language to communicate among them. Alay vocabulary derived from Indonesian and English that they were modifi ed, forming new words. This research uses descriptive method and aims to determine the process of word formation Alay language. Based on the results of the study, morphological processes in language Alay are abbreviations and acronyms, changes in some vowels and consonants, the reversal of the arrangement of phonemes, and that the reference meaning.  

scholarly journals Jargons Used in “PC World” Magazine

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 2198-2205
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Lexical Meaning ◽  
Morphological Process ◽  
New Words ◽  
Multiple Process ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Morphological Processes ◽  
Polysyllabic Word ◽  
Contextual Meaning

This research studies about the jargon used in “PCWorld” magazine. The research questions of this study are: 1) How are morphological processes used in creating jargons in the “PC World” magazine in January 2015 edition? 2) What are contextual meanings of jargons used in the “PC World” magazine in January 2015 edition? The aims of the study are to analyze the morphological process in creating computer jargon, to explain the contextual meaning of each jargon used in “PC World” magazine. In this research, the writer used descriptive qualitative research that made use of documentation to analyze the written jargons. The result of the study shows that: (1) The morphological process in creating computer jargon used in “PC World” magazine are acronym is a word formed from the initial letters of a name or combining initial letters of a series of words. It has 3 morphemes (13 jargons), clipping is a process of new words by shortening the polysyllabic word or by deleting one or more syllables (1 Jargon), multiple process is a process of a word formation when a word is formed through more than one process (1 jargon). compounding is a process of a word formation in which it is done by combining two words (15 jargons) and backformation is a process that creates a new word by removing a real or supposed affix from another word in the language (10 jargons). (2) Reveal with the lexical and contextual meaning, the writer found that (21) of jargons in the contextual meaning is higher than (4) jargons of the lexical meaning, the contextual meaning of jargons is more than with the lexical meaning and (15) words of jargon do not have any the lexical meaning.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Artemis Alexiadou ◽  
Hagit Borer
Keyword(s):  
Argument Structure ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Event Structure ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Simple Event ◽  
Multiple Accounts ◽  
Complex Words ◽  
Deverbal Nominals

The introduction to this book reviews detail the major claims put forth in RoN in 1970, and in particular, the claim that complex words, with deverbal nominals being the case at point, represent a formation that is neither predictable nor productive, and are hence lexically listed. This claim goes hand in hand, in RoN, with the claim that whatever similarities do hold between the deverbal nominal such as destruction and the verb destroy emerge from the existence of a category neutral listed form, DESTROY, which has a consistent subcategorization frame (an object in this case), which is realized identically in the syntax, in accordance with the X’-theory, and where the form DESTROY itself inherits its category from its categorial insertion context (N, V etc.). Since 1970, a rich body of studies has emerged which investigated the properties of lexical formations such as destruction and their relationship with the verb destroy, giving rise to multiple accounts of the emergence of complex words, as well as to the emergence of distinct argument structure combination in the context of nominalizations in particular, and word formation in general. Particularly influential was Grimshaw’s (1990) work, which introduced a typologically sound distinction between nominalizations with event structure (Complex Event Nominals, or Argument Structure Nominals) and nominals which lack event structure, and which may be result nominals or referential nominals or Simple Event Nominals, i.e. nouns which denote an event, but which do not have an event structure in the verbal sense (e.g. trip). More recently there has been the questioning of the partition between word formation and syntactic constituent building altogether, starting with Marantz (1997), and continuing with influential work by many of the contributors to this volume. This volume brings together a sample of contemporary approaches to nominalization, based on the historical record, but also branching into new grounds, both in terms of their syntactic approaches, and in terms of the range of languages considered.<320>

An Overview on the Impacts and Strategies of Morphology in English Language Teaching to the L2 Learners

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 262-270
Author(s):  
Manoj Kumar Yadav ◽  
Meenakshi Sharma Yadav
Keyword(s):  
Visual Memory ◽  
English Language ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Scientific Discourse ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
English Language Teaching ◽  
Tertiary Level ◽  
Semantic Meaning ◽  
New Words ◽  
Morphological Processes

This article presents a scientific-discourse and overview systematically on the word-formation that how the impacts and strategies of morphology produce the significant enrolment in the productive-pedagogies to teach and enhance the different parameters and paradigms of vocabulary’s re-structure and lexicography. The determinations of researchers define and describe the mechanism of affix morphemes (derivational and inflectional) in the formation of new words with the complete lexical-semantic meaning and syntactic-structure, which are developed through the general morphological processes in the morphosyntax. This research attempt intends to specify the strategies, knowledge, and information employed by L2 students of tertiary level when they face new words while reading the texts. Even learners have a tendency to ignore a large amount of new vocabulary they encountered due to poor enhancement of the weak vocabulary awareness and immature and traditional pedagogical course policies at their schooling. They must beware of morphological misanalysis and false-etymology. Therefore, the article advocates instructors that L2 students to individual’s phonological awareness, knowledge of orthography (sound-symbol relationships, letter patterns and spelling regularities), knowledge of vocabulary, and visual memory skills. Learners are advised to aware of the enhancement of word theories and all kind of word formations and processes for their productive reading performances, creative writing drafts, figurative expressions and critical thinking lexicologically at the course level. 

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