scholarly journals NOMINAL WORD FORMATIONS IN TOBA BATAK LANGUAGE: A STUDY OF GENERATIVE MORPHOLOGY

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esron Ambarita
Keyword(s):  
Basic Principle ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Toba Batak ◽  
Complex Words ◽  
Free Word

The objective of this paper is to explore nominal word formations in Toba Batak language. The theory applied in this study is generative morphology proposed by Halle (1973). The basic principle in generative morphology is that the process of word formations can generate actual words and potential words. According to generative morphology the mechanism of word formations will be postulated in list of morphemes, word formation rules, filter, and dictionary. The method of this study is qualitative descriptive; it is a method of study which describes language phenomena naturally without any exception. The results show that nominal word formations in Toba Batak language are distinguished in 3 main ways, they are: [1] by attaching affixations, [2] by inserting premodifier ni between adjectival bases and nominal bases, and [3] by moving the stress of free adjectival bases from the first syllable to the second syllable. There are 14 affixations that can form nouns in Toba Batak language, they are: (i) six prefixes (par-, na-, sa-, sanha-, hina-, ha-), (ii) two infixes (-ar-, -al-), (iii) one suffix (-na), (iv) four multiple affixations (ha-…-on, pa-…-an, pa-…-on, par-…-an), and (v) double affixations (par-in-). Nominal word formations derive from various free word bases, such as, free adjectival bases, free verbal bases, free nominal bases, free numeric bases, and free adverbial bases. The results of these affixations can be inflectional or derivational. Some complex words have to be put into filter to be processed morphophonologically before they are put into dictionary.

scholarly journals TOBA BATAK LANGUAGE MORPHOLOGICAL SYSTEM: A GENERATIVE TRANSFORMATIONAL STUDY

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esron Ambarita
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Power ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Relevant Theory ◽  
System A ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Toba Batak ◽  
North Sumatra ◽  
Descriptive Method ◽  
Morphological System

The objective of this study is to investigate morphological system of Toba Batak language from the view of generative transformational study. The major issue in this microlinguistic study is word formations through the processes of affixation, reduplication, and compounding. Most studies done morphologically are structural based theory which explore language phenomena unsatisfactorily. For instance, in Indonesian language the following forms are never found: *ambilan “something taken”, *berpesawat “go by aeroplane”, *keobatan “being dead or sick because of consuming too much medicine”. We, on the other hand, will find the words kiriman “something sent”, bersepeda “go by bicycle”, keracunan “being dead or sick because of consuming something poisonous”. In Toba Batak language, for example, we will not find the words *lehonan “a give”, *marsintua “visit a church functionary to consult something”, *mamiso “use a knife to cut something”. Whereas the forms tongosan “something sent”, mardatu “go to a shaman to ask for help”, and manakkul “use a hoe to do the farm” are actual words that have been used by Toba Batak language speakers. Based on the Toba Batak language phenomena above, the most relevant theory to be applied to treat such problems and the like exhaustively from descriptive to explanatory adequacy is generative morphology. In so doing, this study rests on the theory of generative morphology proposed by Halle (1973), Aronoff (1976), Scalise (1984), and Dardjowidjojo (1988). The theory requires four separated components, they are: (1) List of Morphemes, (2) Word Formation Rules, (3) Filter, and (4) Dictionary. Generative morphology has predictive power to generate actual words and potential words. The method of the study that will be applied is qualitative descriptive method, that is, a kind of linguistic method to describe language phenomena naturally without manipulation. This research will be conducted in 4 regencies in North Sumatra, they are: (1) Samosir Regency, (2) Toba Samosir Regency, (3) Humbang Hasundutan Regency, and (4) North Tapanuli Regency. There are three types of data that will be collected in this study, they are: (1) oral, (2) written, and (3) intuition. Oral data will be collected by observing, interviewing, listening attentively, and chatting with the informants. Written data will be originated from story books in Toba Batak language and bible in Toba Batak language. Intuition data will be based on the writer’s intuition because the writer is a native Toba Batak language speaker. The data will be analyzed using equal and distributional methods.

scholarly journals Deverbal Nominals in Toba Batak Language: A Generative Transformational Study

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esron Ambarita
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
New Words ◽  
Observation Methods ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Morphological Processes ◽  
Toba Batak ◽  
Complex Words ◽  
Deverbal Nominals ◽  
Modified Theory ◽  
Phonological Rules

This paper aims at exploring deverbal nominals in Toba Batak language from the view point of generative transformational study. The theory of generative morphology has predictive power to generate new words. Considering the particular rules of word formation in Toba Batak language, Halle’s theory is modified to be adjusted to Toba Batak morphological system. Two new integrated components, Orthographic and Phonological Rules are added between Halle’s Filter and Dictionary. Therefore, there are six components of sets of generative transformational rules as modified theory in this study, i.e. List of Morphemes, Word Formation Rules, Filter, Orthographic Rules, Phonological Rules, and Dictionary. Data analyses were done using modified theory but they refer to Halle’s model as the main theory. This research applied descriptive qualitative method. The data were obtained by using observation methods and their techniques and interlocution method and its techniques. The collected data are voice-recordings and writings. The research findings comprise that deverbal nominals in Toba Batak language are done by attaching: (1) prefix [par-], (2) prefix [paN-], (3) confix [ha-an], (4) confix [paN-an], (5) confix [paN -on], (6) confix [par-an], (7) affix combination [paηin-], and (8) affix combination [paηun-]. The processes of attaching those affixes generate complex words which have different grammatical and lexical meanings. Morphological processes found in the word formation are phoneme deletion, phoneme assimilation, and phoneme addition. The processes of attaching those affixes bring about semantic and phonological idiosyncrasies, therefore, such words must be processed in filter to generate acceptable words in Toba Batak language.

scholarly journals Adverbial Derivation in Toba Batak Language: A Generative Transformational Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 104
Author(s):  
Esron Ambarita
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
View Point ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Morphological Processes ◽  
Toba Batak ◽  
Complex Words ◽  
Modified Theory ◽  
Phonological Rules ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

The purpose of this article is to elaborate adverbial derivation in Toba Batak language from the view point of generative transformational study. The data were analysed by applying modified theory with reference to Halle’s model as the main theory.  Therefore, there are six components of sets of generative transformational rules as modified theory in this study, i.e. List of Morphemes, Word Formation Rules, Filter, Orthographic Rules, Phonological Rules, and Dictionary. The method of this study is descriptive qualitative. The data were collected by using observation and interview. The collected data are voice-recordings and writings. The research findings show that adverbial derivation in Toba Batak language are done by attaching (1) prefix [par-], (2) prefix [maN-], (3) prefix [mar-], (4) affix combination [-umal-], and (5) affix combination [-umar-] to stems. The results of the affixation processes generate complex words which have new grammatical and lexical meanings. Phoneme assimilation takes place in morphological processes particularly with prefix [ma-]. The inflectional processes of attaching those affixes bring about phonological idiosyncrasy; therefore, such words must be processed in filter to generate acceptable words in Toba Batak language.

scholarly journals Detailed Error Annotation for Morphologically Rich Languages: Latvian Use Case

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberts Darģis ◽  
Ilze Auzin̦a ◽  
Kristīne Levāne-Petrova ◽  
Inga Kaija
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
Language Learner ◽  
Use Case ◽  
Project Development ◽  
Syntactic Structures ◽  
Learner Corpus ◽  
Error Annotation ◽  
Morphologically Rich Languages ◽  
Free Word ◽  
Ongoing Project

This paper presents a detailed error annotation for morphologically rich languages. The described approach is used to create Latvian Language Learner corpus (LaVA) which is part of a currently ongoing project Development of Learner corpus of Latvian: methods, tools and applications. There is no need for an advanced multi-token error annotation schema, because error annotated texts are written by beginner level (A1 and A2) who use simple syntactic structures. This schema focuses on in-depth categorization of spelling and word formation errors. The annotation schema will work best for languages with relatively free word order and rich morphology.

Optimal spaces and hyphens

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-110
Author(s):  
Vilma Symanczyk Joppe
Keyword(s):  
Complex Compounds ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Alternative View ◽  
Intermediate Form ◽  
Theoretic Approach ◽  
Complex Words

Abstract The paper deals with the insertion of spaces and hyphens in German. It summarizes the existing optimality-theoretic approach and extends it to capture the use of hyphens. Hyphenation is often excluded in the literature on the writing of complex words, as forms with hyphens are thought to be mere variants of solid forms. The paper offers an alternative view in which hyphens are treated as an intermediate form between solid and open forms and are placed as a result of conflict between constraints which demand or forbid insertion of spaces. The analysis focuses on the products of nominal compounding, which is one of the most productive processes of word formation in German. Firstly, it is shown for which types of compounds hyphenation is optional and obligatory according to the official rules of orthography. Based on this, constraints are postulated, which do not only decide in which cases hyphenation is allowed but also in which positions the hyphens must be placed in the respective compound. Finally, the hyphenation of phrasal compounds and other complex compounds is modeled.

Masked morphological priming of compound constituents

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Fiorentino ◽  
Ella Fund-Reznicek
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Visual Word Recognition ◽  
Masked Priming ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Visual Word ◽  
Regular Form ◽  
Morphological Priming ◽  
Complex Words ◽  
Open Class ◽  
New Evidence

Recent masked priming studies suggest that complex words are rapidly segmented into potential morphological constituents during initial visual word recognition. Much of this evidence involves affixation or other formally regular operations, leaving open the question of whether these effects rely heavily on the identification of a closed-class affix or other formal regularity. In two masked priming experiments with English transparent and opaque bimorphemic compound primes consisting solely of open-class morphemes, we find significant constituent priming, but no significant priming for purely orthographic overlap. We conclude that masked morphological priming generalizes across word-formation types to include compounds with no affix or other regular form. These results provide new evidence for across-the-board morphological-level segmentation during visual word recognition and for morpheme-based compound processing.

scholarly journals Deviasi Kata dan Perubahan Makna Bahasa pada Sosial Media Facebook

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-107
Author(s):  
Mulasih Mulasih ◽  
Yukhsan Wakhyudi
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
New Words ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive

The purpose of this study is first, to describe the word deviation contained in the various languages ​​of social media Facebook. Second, describe changes in meaning in the various languages ​​of Facebook social media. This research is a qualitative descriptive study for two reasons. First, the problems to be examined, carefully observed are described later concluded. This study aims to make a description, description, painting systematically, factually, and accurately regarding the data, the characteristics and relationships of the phenomena studied. Second, this study includes deskiptif qualitative research, namely research carried out by describing or describing and describing the data then continued by analyzing word deviation, word deviation process and its use on Facebook. The results of this study are language deviations which are prevalent and are rapidly developing among teenage facebookers. Although this language, it is not in the spelling that is perfected in Indonesian (PUEBI), but they freely use this language in their own world. The word deviation occurs a lot from the aspect of reduction and addition to the original word, so that the new words formed do not exist in Indonesian. The word formation is excessive and contains changes in meaning associations that contain humor.

scholarly journals BAHASA MEMPENGARUHI BUDAYA ATAU BUDAYA MEMPENGARUHI BAHASA? (STUDI KASUS: STRATEGI KESANTUNAN DALAM KEGIATAN TAWAR-MENAWAR MAHAR DI SIDAMANIK) Does Language Influence Culture Influence Language? (Case Study: Politness Strategy in Mahar Bargaining in Sidamanik)

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lastri Wahyuni Manurung
Keyword(s):  
Language And Culture ◽  
Cultural Activities ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Culture Influence ◽  
Politeness Strategies ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Toba Batak ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Language Influence

AbstrakPada dasarnya bahasa dan budaya saling berhubungan dan terikat satu sama lain. Bahasa juga mampu mencerminkan budaya seseorang Salah satu contoh kegiatan kebudayaan adalah prosesi yang terdapat pada pernikahan adat Batak Toba, yaitu marhata sinamot (tawar-menawar mahar). Penelitian tentang strategi kesantunan dalam kegiatan marhata sinamot ini termasuk dalam jenis penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Data diperoleh percakapan yang disampaikan ketika para juru bicara sedang berdiskusi atau bernegosiasi tentang jumlah mahar. Lokasi penelitian adalah di Sidamanik. Total jumlah juru bicara yang ikut serta dalam penelitian ini adalah sebanyak 30 orang, yang diperoleh dari 5 rekaman kegiatan marhata sinamot. Hampir semua juru bicara bekerja sebagai petani, beberapa diantara mereka adalah pensiunan perkebunan, dan pedagang. Mereka berusia antara 45-70 tahun. Kondisi sosiokultural seorang penutur berpengaruh terhadap tuturan yang dihasilkannya. Prinsip kebudayaan masyarakat Batak Toba tentang somba marhula-hula, manat mardongan tubu serta elek marboru dalam tatanan dalihan na tolu, juga berpengaruh terhadap bahasa dan strategi kesantunan yang digunakan oleh penutur. Hasil temuan ini sekaligus dapat menjadi jawaban logis bahwa budaya lah yang mempengaruhi bahasa.Kata Kunci: Bahasa, Batak Toba, Budaya, Dalihan Na Tolu, Strategi Kesantunan. AbstractBasically, language and culture are interconnected and bound to one another. Language is also able to reflect one’s culture. One example of cultural activities is the procession found in the traditional Batak Toba wedding, namely marhata sinamot (the dowry bargaining). This research on politeness strategies in marhat a sinamot activities was a qualitative descriptive research. The data has been obtained through conversations delivered when the spokesmen discussing or negotiating the amount of the dowry. The research site is in Sidamanik Sub-District. The total number of spokespersons who have participated in this study is 30, and this has been obtained from 5 recordings of the marhata sinamot activities. Almost all of the spokesmen are farmers, some of them are retiredmen and traders. Their ages are between 45-70. The findings show that the politeness strategies used by the speakers in marhata sinamot are positive politeness strategies, which are exaggerating (interest, sympathy, etc with the hearer), seeking for agreement, giving hearer sympathy, using in-group identity markers, and asserting speaker’s knowledge of and concerning for hearer’s wants. Negative politeness strategies are also used, namely: asking for empathy, minimizing the imposition, apologizing, and giving deference. The sociocultural condition of a speaker affects the speech they produce. The cultural principles of the Toba Batak community regarding ‘somba marhula-hula, manat mardongan tubu and elek marboru’ in a principle of daliha na tolu have also influenced the language and politeness strategies used by speakers. These findings can be a logical answer that culture influences language.Keywords: Language, Toba Batak, culture, dalihan na tolu, politeness strategies.

scholarly journals MATHEMATICAL MODEL AND ALGORITHM FOR CALCULATING COMPLEX WORDS IN THE KARAKALPAK LANGUAGE

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Language Family ◽  
Complex Word ◽  
The Core ◽  
Stage Scheme ◽  
Complex Mathematical Model ◽  
Complex Words

The article examines the morphology of the Karakalpak language, which belongs to the Kipchak group of the Turkic language family. The forms of word formation in the Karakalpak language, their sequences and the affixes added to the core are analyzed. On the basis of the analyzed affixes and suffixes, a complex mathematical model of word formation in the Karakalpak language was developed. On the basis of the developed mathematical model, an algorithm for creating a complex word in the Karakalpak language was developed. Using the developed mathematical model, a four-stage scheme was created for creating complex words of the Karakalpak language.

scholarly journals Gondang Sabangunan sebagai Pengiring Sigale-Gale untuk Menarik Wisatawan di Museum Huta Bolon Kecamatan Simanindo

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 862-871
Author(s):  
Ruth Olivia Sirait ◽  
Pulumun Petrus Ginting ◽  
Wiflihani Wiflihani
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Tourism ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Community Leaders ◽  
Original Form ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Historical Objects ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Toba Batak ◽  
Descriptive Method

This study aims to determine the Gondang Sabangunan performance in accompanying Sigale-gale at the Huta Bolon Museum for packaging tourism performances, impact and government support. The method in this study uses a qualitative descriptive method. The speakers in this study were employees of the Huta Bolon Simanindo Museum, 5 music players, 10 dancers, Simanindo community leaders, and tourists. The data was collected by means of observation, interviews, documentation and literature study. The results showed that the development of cultural tourism through the Gondang Sabangunan performance that accompanied Sigale-gale which is a cultural attraction to attract tourists at the Huta Bolon Simanindo Museum. The tortordi performance of the Huta Bolon Simanindo Museum was held on an open stage in the old village of Huta Bolon. Performances are not sacred but still follow the customary rules of the nigondang such as the number of types of gondang, the rules for requesting the type of gondang, the rules for movement in tortor, clothes and equipment. Another packaging of the show form is the short and dense duration, full of variations, an imitation of the original form. Tourists can enjoy the potential of Batak Toba culture, such as music, dances, historical objects, and the nuances of the Toba Batak village.

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