scholarly journals ADJECTIVE REDUPLICATION IN TOBA BATAK LANGUAGE

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esron Ambarita ◽  
Robert Sibarani
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
Basic Meaning ◽  
Morphological Processes ◽  
Toba Batak

This paper aims at exploring adjective reduplication in Toba Batak language. The major issue in this descriptive microlinguistic study is the formations of adjective reduplication. There are some urgent points under discussion, namely, the identification of the morpheme that form the formation of the adjective reduplication, the morphological processes of the word formation, and the meaning emerged as the result of the morphological processes. The result of the analysis shows that there are five types of adjective reduplication in Toba Batak language, they are, (1) full adjective reduplication, (2) partial adjective reduplication with prefix mar- and um-, (3) partial adjective reduplication with infix –um-, (4) partial adjective reduplication with suffix –an, -hian, and –an, and (5) partial adjective reduplication with marsi-i, ha-assa, ma-hu, pa-hu, sa-na, and um-hian. The meanings of the adjective reduplication can be grouped into eight, namely, (1) refers to the basic meaning of the base adjective, (2) in the condition as mentioned in the base adjective, (3) has the characteristic as mentioned in the base adjective, (4) shows degree of comparison, (5) shows differences, (6) shows that something or some one is just so so .... as mentioned in the base adjective, (7) shows that something or some one is too ..., and (8) expresses superlative degree about something or some one.

scholarly journals Deverbal Nominals in Toba Batak Language: A Generative Transformational Study

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esron Ambarita
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
New Words ◽  
Observation Methods ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Morphological Processes ◽  
Toba Batak ◽  
Complex Words ◽  
Deverbal Nominals ◽  
Modified Theory ◽  
Phonological Rules

This paper aims at exploring deverbal nominals in Toba Batak language from the view point of generative transformational study. The theory of generative morphology has predictive power to generate new words. Considering the particular rules of word formation in Toba Batak language, Halle’s theory is modified to be adjusted to Toba Batak morphological system. Two new integrated components, Orthographic and Phonological Rules are added between Halle’s Filter and Dictionary. Therefore, there are six components of sets of generative transformational rules as modified theory in this study, i.e. List of Morphemes, Word Formation Rules, Filter, Orthographic Rules, Phonological Rules, and Dictionary. Data analyses were done using modified theory but they refer to Halle’s model as the main theory. This research applied descriptive qualitative method. The data were obtained by using observation methods and their techniques and interlocution method and its techniques. The collected data are voice-recordings and writings. The research findings comprise that deverbal nominals in Toba Batak language are done by attaching: (1) prefix [par-], (2) prefix [paN-], (3) confix [ha-an], (4) confix [paN-an], (5) confix [paN -on], (6) confix [par-an], (7) affix combination [paηin-], and (8) affix combination [paηun-]. The processes of attaching those affixes generate complex words which have different grammatical and lexical meanings. Morphological processes found in the word formation are phoneme deletion, phoneme assimilation, and phoneme addition. The processes of attaching those affixes bring about semantic and phonological idiosyncrasies, therefore, such words must be processed in filter to generate acceptable words in Toba Batak language.

scholarly journals MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF ADJECTIVE REDUPLICATION IN BATAK TOBA LANGUAGE

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esron Ambarita
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Basic Meaning ◽  
Morphological Processes

This research deals with the investigation of adjective reduplication in Batak Toba language. The major issue in this descriptive microlinguistic study is to find out the formations of adjective reduplication in Batak Toba language. There are some urgent points under discussion, namely, the identification of the morpheme that form the formation of the adjective reduplication, the morphological processes of the word formation, and the meaning emerged as the result of the morphological processes. The results of the analysis show that there are five types of adjective reduplication in Batak Toba language, they are, (1) full adjective reduplication, (2) partial adjective reduplication with prefix mar- and um-, (3) partial adjective reduplication with infix –um-, (4) partial adjective reduplication with suffix –an, -hian, and –an, and (5) partial adjective reduplication with marsi-i, ha-assa, ma-hu, pa-hu, sa-na, and um-hian. The meanings of the adjective reduplication can be grouped into eight, namely, (1) refers to the basic meaning of the base adjective, (2) in the condition as mentioned in the base adjective, (3) has the characteristic as mentioned in the base adjective, (4) shows degree of comparison, (5) shows differences, (6) shows that something or some one is just so so .... as mentioned in the base adjective, (7) shows that something or some one is too ..., and (8) expresses superlative degree about something or some one.

scholarly journals Adverbial Derivation in Toba Batak Language: A Generative Transformational Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 104
Author(s):  
Esron Ambarita
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
View Point ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Morphological Processes ◽  
Toba Batak ◽  
Complex Words ◽  
Modified Theory ◽  
Phonological Rules ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

The purpose of this article is to elaborate adverbial derivation in Toba Batak language from the view point of generative transformational study. The data were analysed by applying modified theory with reference to Halle’s model as the main theory.  Therefore, there are six components of sets of generative transformational rules as modified theory in this study, i.e. List of Morphemes, Word Formation Rules, Filter, Orthographic Rules, Phonological Rules, and Dictionary. The method of this study is descriptive qualitative. The data were collected by using observation and interview. The collected data are voice-recordings and writings. The research findings show that adverbial derivation in Toba Batak language are done by attaching (1) prefix [par-], (2) prefix [maN-], (3) prefix [mar-], (4) affix combination [-umal-], and (5) affix combination [-umar-] to stems. The results of the affixation processes generate complex words which have new grammatical and lexical meanings. Phoneme assimilation takes place in morphological processes particularly with prefix [ma-]. The inflectional processes of attaching those affixes bring about phonological idiosyncrasy; therefore, such words must be processed in filter to generate acceptable words in Toba Batak language.

WORD FORMATION OF MESSAGING APPLICATIONS FOUND IN PLAY STORE

Lire Journal ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-109
Author(s):  
Giyatmi - Giyatmi ◽  
Sihindun Arumi ◽  
Mas Sulis Setiyono
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Data Reduction ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Data Display ◽  
Front Part ◽  
The Real ◽  
Morphological Processes ◽  
Blending Process ◽  
Everyday Communication

This study aims at describing the process of word-formation used on messaging applications found in the Play Store. This is descriptive qualitative research. The data are messaging applications written in English and in the form of words. To collect the data, the researchers use observation. The analysis data consists of three steps namely data reduction, data display, and verification. There are 56 data found. There are 6 types of word formations; Affixation (4 data), compounding (15 data), blending (4 data), coinage (8 data), clipping (4 data), reduplication (1 data). However, there are 20 messaging applications that cannot be classified into the type of word formation such as Path, Line, Lemon, etc. They are simple words that have already existed in English and have been used in everyday communication. Meanwhile, nowadays they are used as a name of messaging applications and have different meanings as the real meaning. The suffixes used in the affixation process are –er, -ous, -ster. There are 6 formations of compounding used in the messaging application such as N+N, V+V, N+V, V+N, Adv. + Prep. There are 3 ways of blending process such as taking the whole part of the first word and taking the first syllable of the second, taking the first syllable of the first word and taking the whole part of the second word, taking two syllables from the front part of the first word and taking the last syllable of the second word. Coinage consists of the name of the company and the name of the product. There are two types of clipping found namely fore-clipping and back-clipping. Reduplication happens when there is a copying of the partial part of the word. Apparently, there are morphological processes used in life such as word formation to name the messaging application.

scholarly journals TOBA BATAK LANGUAGE MORPHOLOGICAL SYSTEM: A GENERATIVE TRANSFORMATIONAL STUDY

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esron Ambarita
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Power ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Relevant Theory ◽  
System A ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Toba Batak ◽  
North Sumatra ◽  
Descriptive Method ◽  
Morphological System

The objective of this study is to investigate morphological system of Toba Batak language from the view of generative transformational study. The major issue in this microlinguistic study is word formations through the processes of affixation, reduplication, and compounding. Most studies done morphologically are structural based theory which explore language phenomena unsatisfactorily. For instance, in Indonesian language the following forms are never found: *ambilan “something taken”, *berpesawat “go by aeroplane”, *keobatan “being dead or sick because of consuming too much medicine”. We, on the other hand, will find the words kiriman “something sent”, bersepeda “go by bicycle”, keracunan “being dead or sick because of consuming something poisonous”. In Toba Batak language, for example, we will not find the words *lehonan “a give”, *marsintua “visit a church functionary to consult something”, *mamiso “use a knife to cut something”. Whereas the forms tongosan “something sent”, mardatu “go to a shaman to ask for help”, and manakkul “use a hoe to do the farm” are actual words that have been used by Toba Batak language speakers. Based on the Toba Batak language phenomena above, the most relevant theory to be applied to treat such problems and the like exhaustively from descriptive to explanatory adequacy is generative morphology. In so doing, this study rests on the theory of generative morphology proposed by Halle (1973), Aronoff (1976), Scalise (1984), and Dardjowidjojo (1988). The theory requires four separated components, they are: (1) List of Morphemes, (2) Word Formation Rules, (3) Filter, and (4) Dictionary. Generative morphology has predictive power to generate actual words and potential words. The method of the study that will be applied is qualitative descriptive method, that is, a kind of linguistic method to describe language phenomena naturally without manipulation. This research will be conducted in 4 regencies in North Sumatra, they are: (1) Samosir Regency, (2) Toba Samosir Regency, (3) Humbang Hasundutan Regency, and (4) North Tapanuli Regency. There are three types of data that will be collected in this study, they are: (1) oral, (2) written, and (3) intuition. Oral data will be collected by observing, interviewing, listening attentively, and chatting with the informants. Written data will be originated from story books in Toba Batak language and bible in Toba Batak language. Intuition data will be based on the writer’s intuition because the writer is a native Toba Batak language speaker. The data will be analyzed using equal and distributional methods.

scholarly journals A Lesson for Covidiots1,2 About Some Contact Induced Borrowing of American English Morphological Processes Into Dutch

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Camiel Hamans
Keyword(s):  
American English ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Morphological Processes

Abstract This paper discusses morphological borrowing from American-English to Dutch. Three processes of non-morphemic word formation are studied: embellished clipping (Afro from African), libfixing (extracting segments from opaque wordforms such -topia from utopia and -(po)calypse from apocalypse) and blending (stagflation < stagnation + inflation). It will be shown that the borrowing of these processes started with borrowing of English lexical material followed by a process of reinterpretation, which subsequently led to the (re-)introduction of the processes in Dutch. Therefore, the traditional distinction between MAT and PAT borrowing turns out to be inadequate. Instead of a clear-cut difference between lexical and morphological borrowing a borrowing cline will be proposed. The respective ends of this cline are MAT and PAT.

scholarly journals NOMINAL WORD FORMATIONS IN TOBA BATAK LANGUAGE: A STUDY OF GENERATIVE MORPHOLOGY

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esron Ambarita
Keyword(s):  
Basic Principle ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Toba Batak ◽  
Complex Words ◽  
Free Word

The objective of this paper is to explore nominal word formations in Toba Batak language. The theory applied in this study is generative morphology proposed by Halle (1973). The basic principle in generative morphology is that the process of word formations can generate actual words and potential words. According to generative morphology the mechanism of word formations will be postulated in list of morphemes, word formation rules, filter, and dictionary. The method of this study is qualitative descriptive; it is a method of study which describes language phenomena naturally without any exception. The results show that nominal word formations in Toba Batak language are distinguished in 3 main ways, they are: [1] by attaching affixations, [2] by inserting premodifier ni between adjectival bases and nominal bases, and [3] by moving the stress of free adjectival bases from the first syllable to the second syllable. There are 14 affixations that can form nouns in Toba Batak language, they are: (i) six prefixes (par-, na-, sa-, sanha-, hina-, ha-), (ii) two infixes (-ar-, -al-), (iii) one suffix (-na), (iv) four multiple affixations (ha-…-on, pa-…-an, pa-…-on, par-…-an), and (v) double affixations (par-in-). Nominal word formations derive from various free word bases, such as, free adjectival bases, free verbal bases, free nominal bases, free numeric bases, and free adverbial bases. The results of these affixations can be inflectional or derivational. Some complex words have to be put into filter to be processed morphophonologically before they are put into dictionary.

scholarly journals A Feature Percolation Convention of Affixation Processes in Urhobo

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (14) ◽  
pp. 113-125
Author(s):  
Odeh B. E. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Formation Process ◽  
Percolation Theory ◽  
Semantic Information ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Rich Source ◽  
Grammatical Class ◽  
New Words ◽  
Morphological Processes ◽  
Feature Percolation

This paper seeks to examine headedness in affixation processes in Urhobo using a feature percolation approach. Affixation is a rich source of word formation process in the Urhobo language. The specific objectives are to identify affixation processes in Urhobo, investigate how they are used to derive words and determine headedness in the Urhobo language using a feature percolation theory as a framework. This paper reveals three affixation processes in Urhobo, which are prefixes, circumfixes and suffixes. Affixation is a derivational aspect of morphology and it brings about change in the grammatical class of the word or rather, provides additional semantic information to a word. The paper discovers that new words are derived in the language by attaching an affix either at the beginning (prefix), or to the end (suffix) of a word. This process is very productive in the language. The paper reveals that the head of a word using prefix is left-right branching while for suffixes, it is right-left branching. The prefix and suffix attached to a root to form the circumfix project to be the head of a word. The study observes circumfixes to have two heads. Feature percolation theory is also used to determine the head of a word in Urhobo. The paper concludes by recommending further researches on the use of theories especially morphological theories in analysing morphological processes in Urhobo.

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