scholarly journals A long time ago, in a galaxy far, far away: How temporal are episodic contents?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Mahr ◽  
Joshua D. Greene ◽  
Daniel L. Schacter
Keyword(s):  
Time Of Day ◽  
Temporal Orientation ◽  
Mental Event ◽  
Event Representation ◽  
Retrieval Processes ◽  
Human Ability ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Human Adults ◽  
Successful Recall ◽  
Event Representations

A prominent feature of mental event (i.e. ‘episodic’) simulations is their temporality: human adults can generate episodic representations directed towards the past or the future. The ability to entertain event representations with different temporal orientations allows these representations to play various cognitive roles. Here, we investigated how the temporal orientation of imagined events relates to the contents (i.e. ‘what is happening’) of these events. Is the temporal orientation of an episode part of its contents? Or are the processes for assigning temporality to an event representation distinct from those generating its contents? In three experiments (N = 360), we asked participants to generate and later recall a series of imagined events differing in (1) location (indoors vs. outdoors), (2) time of day (daytime vs. nighttime), (3) temporal orientation (past vs. future), and (4) weekday (Monday vs. Friday). We then tested to what extent successful recall of episodic content (i.e. (1) and (2)) would predict recall of temporality and/or weekday information. Results showed that while recall of temporal orientation was predicted by content recall, weekday recall was not. However, temporal orientation was only weakly integrated with episodic contents. This finding suggests that episodic simulations are unlikely to be intrinsically temporal in nature. Instead, similar to other forms of temporal information, temporal orientation might be determined from such contents by reconstructive post-retrieval processes. These results have implications for how the human ability to ‘mentally travel’ in time is cognitively implemented.

scholarly journals Causal Reasoning and Event Cognition as Evolutionary Determinants of Language Structure

Entropy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
pp. 843
Author(s):  
Peter Gärdenfors
Keyword(s):  
Causal Reasoning ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Mental Event ◽  
Event Representation ◽  
Event Cognition ◽  
Verb Phrases ◽  
External Forces ◽  
Event Representations ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Causal Cognition

The aim of this article is to provide an evolutionarily grounded explanation of central aspects of the structure of language. It begins with an account of the evolution of human causal reasoning. A comparison between humans and non-human primates suggests that human causal cognition is based on reasoning about the underlying forces that are involved in events, while other primates hardly understand external forces. This is illustrated by an analysis of the causal cognition required for early hominin tool use. Second, the thinking concerning forces in causation is used to motivate a model of human event cognition. A mental representation of an event contains two vectors representing a cause as well as a result but also entities such as agents, patients, instruments and locations. The fundamental connection between event representations and language is that declarative sentences express events (or states). The event structure also explains why sentences are constituted of noun phrases and verb phrases. Finally, the components of the event representation show up in language, where causes and effects are expressed by verbs, agents and patients by nouns (modified by adjectives), locations by prepositions, etc. Thus, the evolution of the complexity of mental event representations also provides insight into the evolution of the structure of language.

The Influence of Temporal Order Information in General Event Knowledge on Language Comprehension

2005 ◽  
Vol 213 (3) ◽  
pp. 142-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elke van der Meer ◽  
Frank Krüger ◽  
Antje Nuthmann
Keyword(s):  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Temporal Orientation ◽  
Mental Event ◽  
Event Knowledge ◽  
Selection Processes ◽  
Event Representations ◽  
Onset Asynchrony ◽  
Time’S Arrow

Abstract. The coding of chronological order of real-life events, that is, “time’s arrow” in general event knowledge and its access in language comprehension was investigated with two relatedness judgment tasks. The temporal orientation (chronological or reverse) and the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA; 200/250 ms or 1,000 ms) between preinformation and target were manipulated. The first experiment examined highly familiar sequences of events (e.g., lighting-burning-extinguishing) with the same strength of temporal relatedness for preceding and succeeding events. The second experiment investigated individual events. The results show that time’s arrow is not restricted to sequences of events, but is also embedded in the mental representation of individual events. The preferred temporal orientation in favor of future time is not only coded by a higher association strength between mental event representations, but also by expectancy based selection processes. The results support Barsalou’s model of perceptual symbol systems ( 1999 ).

Unsupervised latent event representation learning and storyline extraction from news articles based on neural networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 589-603
Author(s):  
Jiasheng Si ◽  
Linsen Guo ◽  
Deyu Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Graphical Models ◽  
Representation Learning ◽  
Event Extraction ◽  
Event Representation ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Unsupervised Neural Network ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Event Representations ◽  
Over Time

Storyline extraction aims to generate concise summaries of related events unfolding over time from a collection of temporally-ordered news articles. Some existing approaches to storyline extraction are typically built on probabilistic graphical models that jointly model the extraction of events and the storylines from news published in different periods. However, their parameter inference procedures are often complex and require a long time to converge, which hinders their use in practical applications. More recently, a neural network-based approach has been proposed to tackle such limitations. However, event representations of documents, which are important for the quality of the generated storylines, are not learned. In this paper, we propose a novel unsupervised neural network-based approach to extract latent events and link patterns of storylines jointly from documents over time. Specifically, event representations are learned by a stacked autoencoder and clustered for event extraction, then a fusion component is incorporated to link the related events across consecutive periods for storyline extraction. The proposed model has been evaluated on three news corpora and the experimental results show that it outperforms state-of-the-art approaches with significant improvements.

scholarly journals Experimental sodium chloride deficiency in man

1936 ◽  
Vol 119 (814) ◽  
pp. 245-268 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Work ◽  
Acute Diarrhoea ◽  
Addison’S Disease ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Diabetic Coma ◽  
Addison's Disease ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Human Adults ◽  
Intestinal Obstructions ◽  
Relationship Of

Dehydration plays an important part in the pathology of a number of diseases. The loss of water may take place through the kidney (as it does in diabetic coma), the gut (as in pyloric stenosis, paralytic ileus, acute diarrhoea, and vomiting or cholera), the lungs and skin (as in hot dry atmospheres) or occasionally through other channels. This loss of water has been known for a very long time to be associated with loss of salt, but a study of the literature reveals considerable confusion of thought as to the relationship of one to the other. This is particularly well illustrated by the discussions of some of the experimental work on Addison’s disease. Much experimental work has been done on the lower animals to elucidate the pathology of the intestinal obstructions; diabetic coma has been studied to some extent, and in the last 5 years Addison’s disease has been produced and controlled experimentally in numerous rats, cats, and dogs. In every case, however, the salt or water deficiency is but a part of the picture. From the acute and dangerous nature of the human diseases and the complications they introduce it is particularly difficult to study the effects of severe water or salt deficiency in patients. Some work has been carried out on diabetic coma, which, however, presents water and salt loss in its most complicated form. No papers of any value have been found on severe uncomplicated salt deficiency. It was therefore decided to make a direct experimental attack on the question and normal human adults were selected as the most suitable subjects. The deficiency was produced by a salt free diet combined with sweating. Nature and Arrangement of the Experiments ( a ) The Subjects —One of the women students of this Hospital volunteered to be the subject for the first experiment, which was of a semi-quantitative nature and was intended to try out methods rather than get results. Mild deficiency only was produced because E. ceased to lose significant amounts of NaCl in her sweat after 4 or 5 days. Nevertheless, some interesting observations were made which will be discussed in their appropriate place, and the fact that this subject reacted to the experimental regime so differently from the others is a matter which may be of some importance and will be further investigated. The second and third experiments were done on two males, R. A. M. age 36, and R. B. N. age 24. In both experiments every reasonable precaution was taken to make the whole investigation as quantitative as possible. Both subjects were in good health when the experiments began and the observations were not upset by any “colds” or other minor pathological interferences. R. A. M. is normally an active man, fond of exercise, and gets enough of it throughout the year to keep himself physically fit. R. B. N. is a South African, who came to this country with a Rhodes Scholarship and is now a medical student. He takes enough regular exercise to keep in fair training.

Obesity: An Evolutionary Perspective

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin I.M. Dunbar
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Evolutionary Perspective ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Human Adults ◽  
Human Brains ◽  
Time And Energy ◽  
Post Industrial ◽  
Industrial Societies ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Late Palaeolithic

The brain consumes about 20 per cent of the total energy intake in human adults. Primates, and especially humans, have unusually large brains for body size compared with other vertebrates, and fuelling these is a significant drain on both time and energy. Larger-brained primates generally eat fruit-intense diets, but human brains are so large that a reduction in gut size is needed to free up sufficient resources to allow a larger brain to be evolved, placing further pressure on foraging. The early invention of cooking increased nutrient absorption by around 30 per cent over raw food. Increasing digestibility in this way perhaps inevitably leads to risk of obesity when food is super-abundant, as it is in post-industrial societies. However, obesity has clearly been around for a long time, as suggested by the late Palaeolithic Venus figures of Europe, so it is not a novel problem.

scholarly journals The Image of the Lark in Mythological Representations of the Buryats

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 142-148
Author(s):  
Andrew A. Badmaev
Keyword(s):  
Positive Characteristic ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
General Description ◽  
Male Bird ◽  
Nesting Sites ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Negative Connotation

Purpose. The purpose of this work is to highlight the complex of Buryats’ traditional ideas about the lark tales. Results. The first section of the work gives a general description of the image of the lark in Buryat culture. The Buryat names of larks contain certain information about these birds (about their habitat, nesting sites, size, ability to sing). The lark, from the point of view of the Buryats, was a harmless bird. Buryats paid attention to some morphological features of the lark, especially its acoustic capabilities (the ability of a male bird to sing for a long time). The second section of the article deals with traditional mythological representations of the Buryats about the lark. This bird had a high semiotic status, in particular, it was recognized as a winged preacher of Buddhist prayer. It was believed that it served the good heavenly forces. Buryats attached importance to the symbolism of the color of the bird’s plumage. It is revealed that they associated the idea of werewolves with the lark. In the mythological representations of the Buryats, this feathered animal reflected the natural rhythms (the arrival of early spring) and the time of day (morning) and was likely associated with the concept of time. In the epic of the Buryats, the interchangeability of images of birds personifying the arrival of spring was characteristic, and it was associated with birds of the order of passerines. The ambiguity of the lark’s characteristics in traditional mythological representations of the Buryats is noted. Conclusion. In traditional mythological representations of the Buryats, the lark had a predominantly positive characteristic. It is attributed to the revered birds, supposedly servants of the good heavenly forces: in Buryat shamans’ epics they assist the mother of gods, while the Buryat-Buddhists recognize the lark as a bird that prays and sanctifies the water. The symbolism of color, highlighted in the image of this bird, primarily reflected gender division: the white color indicated the male principle, while the gray – female. The idea of shapeshifting is associated with the lark among the Buryats. It was associated with the onset of spring and the time of day (morning). In the image of this feathered bird, the negative connotation in its connection with demonic forces and in the chthonic beginning of the bird is weakly manifested. Some traditional ideas of the Buryats about the lark (for example, as a winged singer of religious hymns) have analogies in the worldview of other peoples, which is explained by their universal character.

scholarly journals SISTEM INFORMASI PENGELOLAAN DATA LAPORAN HASIL PRODUKSI BERBASIS WEBSITE PADA PT. NIKONA GRAHA TANGERANG

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-22
Author(s):  
Giandari Maulani ◽  
Kartika Chandra Buana Sejati ◽  
Zahrotul Hayati
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Data Management ◽  
Data Storage ◽  
Good Data ◽  
Production Department ◽  
Human Ability ◽  
Secure Data ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Application Data ◽  
Management Reporting

Development of technology and information in the age of globalization is currently growing very rapidly. Apart from being a medium of communication and information, the information technology and also help people in completing all the work. Computers have utility in detecting errors in the data though and can do the job beyond human ability to delay a job can be avoided. One of them at Graha PT.Nikona Tangerang often face problems in data management reporting production results. In the data management reports on the production done by the production still has some shortcomings, namely the process of recording reports of production carried out by the production department still use paper and can not do inputting reports production results on the same day as reports production results recorded in the form of production using paper so it takes a long time in processing the data and storing the data is still less secure and less well because of the lack of a good data storage such as paper reports production results in piles on the table so that the report output could be lost and can be mixed to report the results of which are already in production inputs. Based on the above problems, the authors propose to make application data management reports production results are easy to operate quickly, making applications easily accessed by the production department and has a secure data storage so that data that is not easily lost and data storage into more integrated.

scholarly journals Temporal dynamics of functional networks in long-term infant scalp EEG

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel J. Smith ◽  
Ehsan Alipourjeddi ◽  
Cristal Garner ◽  
Amy L. Maser ◽  
Daniel W. Shrey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Time Scales ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Term Infant ◽  
Clustering Coefficient ◽  
Functional Networks ◽  
Principle Components Analysis ◽  
Long Time

AbstractHuman functional connectivity networks are modulated on time scales ranging from milliseconds to days. Rapid changes in connectivity over short time scales are a feature of healthy cognitive function, and variability over long time scales can impact the likelihood of seizure occurrence. However, relatively little is known about modulation of healthy functional networks over long time scales. To address this, we analyzed functional connectivity networks calculated from long-term EEG recordings from 19 healthy infants. Networks were subject-specific, as inter-subject correlations between weighted adjacency matrices were low. However, within individual subjects, both sleep and wake networks were stable over time, with stronger functional connectivity during sleep than wakefulness. This enabled automatic separation of wakefulness and sleep states via principle components analysis of the functional network time series, with median classification accuracy of 91%. Lastly, we found that network strength, degree, clustering coefficient, and path length significantly varied with time of day, when measured in both wakefulness and sleep. Together, these results suggest that modulation of healthy functional networks occurs over long timescales and is robust and repeatable. Accounting for such temporal periodicities may improve the physiological interpretation and use of functional connectivity analysis to investigate brain function in health and disease.

The Object : Substance :: Event : Process Analogy

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis Wellwood ◽  
Susan J. Hespos ◽  
Lance J. Rips
Keyword(s):  
Event Representation ◽  
Test Preference ◽  
Language Perception ◽  
Representational Format ◽  
Event Representations ◽  
The Way

Beginning at least with Bach (1986), semanticists have suggested that objects are formally parallel to events in the way substances are formally parallel to processes. This chapter investigates whether these parallels can be understood to reflect a shared representational format in cognition, which underlies aspects of the intuitive metaphysics of these categories. The authors of this chapter hypothesized that a way of counting (atomicity) is necessary for object and event representations, unlike for substance or process representations. Atomicity is strongly implied by plural but not mass language. The chapter investigates the language–perception interface across these domains using minimally different images and animations, designed either to encourage atomicity (‘natural’ breaks) or to discourage it (‘unnatural’ breaks). The experiments test preference for naming such stimuli with mass or count syntax. The results support Bach’s analogy in perception and highlight the formal role of atomicity in object and event representation.

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