scholarly journals A Measure of the Interference Effect Distribution

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
thibault gajdos ◽  
Mathieu Servant ◽  
Thierry Hasbroucq ◽  
Karen Davranche
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Interference Effect ◽  
Graphical Representation ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Individual Data ◽  
Interference Effects ◽  
Distribution Index

We elaborated an index, the Interference Distribution Index, that allows to quantify the relation between response times and the size of the interference effect. This index is associated to an intuitive graphical representation, the Lorenz-interference plot. We show that this index has some convenient properties in terms of sensitivity to changes in the distribution of the interference effect and to aggregation of individual data. Moreover, it turns out that this index is the only one (up to an arbitrary increasing transformation) possessing these properties. The relevance of this index is illustrated through simulations of a cognitive model of interference effects and reanalysis of experimental data.

Fluctuations Response of Tall Building to Change of Aspect Ratio in Interference Building

2014 ◽  
Vol 937 ◽  
pp. 444-449
Author(s):  
Ki Pyo You ◽  
Young Moon Kim ◽  
Jang Youl You ◽  
Sun Young Paek
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
Interference Effect ◽  
Tall Buildings ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Wind Loads ◽  
Interference Effects ◽  
Adjacent Buildings ◽  
Aspect Ratios ◽  
Adjacent Structures

Wind loads on buildings in realistic environments may be considerably either increase or decrease by interference buildings. It is commonly known as interference effect. This effect depend on the geometry and arrangement of these structures. It is objective of this work to study the interference effects of the tall buildings which have the different aspect ratios, upstream terrain conditions, distance between adjacent structures and direction. The obstructing model used in this work have the aspect ratio of 2, 3 and 4 and the distances between adjacent buildings are 0.5B, 1.0B, 1.5B and 2.0B, which B is the width of the building. And the above experimental results were compared with experimental data measured on isolated building.

scholarly journals Visual Attention and Aging: an Age-Related Cognitive Model of Positive Adaptation

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 181-191
Author(s):  
José Manuel Rodríguez-Ferrer
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Visual Attention ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Covert Attention ◽  
Positive Adaptation ◽  
Healthy Elderly ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Healthy Young People

We have studied the effects of normal aging on visual attention. Have participated a group of 38 healthy elderly people with an average age of 67.8 years and a group of 39 healthy young people with average age of 19.2 years. In a first experiment of visual detection, response times were recorded, with and without covert attention, to the presentation of stimuli (0.5º in diameter grey circles) appearing in three eccentricities (2.15, 3.83 and 5.53° of visual field) and with three levels of contrast (6, 16 and 78%). In a second experiment of visual form discrimination circles and squares with the same features as in the previous experiment were presented, but in this case subjects only should respond to the emergence of the circles. In both age groups, the covert attention reduced response times. Compared to young people, the older group achieved better results in some aspects of attention tests and response times were reduced more in the stimuli of greater eccentricity. The data suggest that there is a mechanism of adaptation in aging, in which visual attention especially favors the perception of those stimuli more difficult to detec

A theoretical study of adiabatic proton transfer to simple substituted acetylenes In Their Ground And Excited States

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (12) ◽  
pp. 2178-2187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter S. Martin ◽  
Keith Yates ◽  
Imre G. Csizmadia
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Proton Transfer ◽  
Excited States ◽  
Graphical Representation ◽  
Proton Affinities ◽  
Energy Profiles ◽  
Singlet States ◽  
Vinyl Cation ◽  
Substituted Acetylenes ◽  
Ordered Pairs

RHF SCF 3-21G calculations are reported for the 1Σg+, 1A1, 3A′, and 1,3A″ states of simple substituted acetylenes (Y—C≡C—H, where Y = H, F, Cl,CH3, andCF3), the 1A1, 1A′, and 1.3A″ states of their Markovnikov (M) vinyl cations (Y—C+ = CH2), the 1A′ and 1.3A″ states of their anti-Markovnikov (aM) vinyl cations (YCH=C+H), and the corresponding hydrated vinyl cations. Equilibrium electronic structures and the mechanism of adiabatic protonation are described qualitatively via Lewis/resonance schematic representations of the species involved. Calculated proton affinities (PA) suggest that relative to ground state Y—C≡C—H (1Σ+/1A1), Y—C≡C—H* (1.3A″) is of greatly enhanced basicity with respect to protonation of both regiocenters. A graphical representation of the ordered pairs PA(M) versus PA(aM) as a function of substituent Y and electronic state, leads to the conclusions: (1) irrespective of both regiocenter (M/aM) and state (1Σ1+/1A1, 3A, 1.3A″) the PA's for Y—C≡C—H decrease in the order CH3 > H > Cl> F > CF3; (2) in proceeding from CH3C≡CH to CF3C≡CH, a change in protonation regiospecificity (M → aM) is experienced to approximately the same extent for both S0 and S1; (3) T2 exhibits no significant protonation regioselectivity. Critical comparison of the calculated results is made with available experimental data. An approximate picture of the energy profiles for the adiabatic hydrations of Y—C≡C—H via its ground, triplet and singlet states has been developed, based on the fixed points acetylene, vinyl cation and hydrated vinyl cation. Predicted relative reactivities of these three states are in excellent accord with available experimental data on rates of hydration. Keywords: excited states, proton transfer, photohydration.

scholarly journals Nice Guys Check Twice

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary L Howard ◽  
Paul Michael Garrett ◽  
Daniel R. Little ◽  
James T. Townsend ◽  
Ami Eidels
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Detection Task ◽  
Processing Capacity ◽  
The Past ◽  
Capacity Coefficient ◽  
Processing Resources ◽  
Detection Of Signals ◽  
Target Locations ◽  
And Task

Systems Factorial Technology (SFT) is a popular framework for that has been used to investigate processing capacity across many psychological domains over the past 25+ years. To date, it had been assumed that no processing resources are used for sources in which no signal has been presented (i.e., in a location that can contain a signal but does not on a given trial). Hence, response times are purely driven by the ``signal-containing'' location or locations. This assumption is critical to the underlying mathematics of the capacity coefficient measure of SFT. In this manuscript, we show that stimulus locations influence response times even when they contain no signal, and that this influence has repercussions for the interpretation of processing capacity under the SFT framework, particularly in conjunctive (AND) tasks - where positive responses require detection of signals in multiple locations. We propose a modification to the AND task requiring participants to fully identify both target locations on all trials. This modification allows a new coefficient to be derived. We apply the new coefficient to novel experimental data and resolve a previously reported empirical paradox, where observed capacity was limited in an OR detection task but super capacity in an AND detection task. Hence, previously reported differences in processing capacity between OR and AND task designs are likely to have been spurious.

The Unsteady Response of a Blade Row From Measurements of the Time-Mean Total Pressure

1973 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Total Pressure ◽  
Theoretical Data ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Interference Effects ◽  
Experimental Procedure ◽  
Rotating Blade ◽  
Reduced Frequency ◽  
Blade Row

An experimental procedure is described which permits the unsteady response of a rotating blade row to spatial variations in its inlet flow to be determined from measurements of the time-mean total pressure. This procedure has been employed to determine the unsteady circulation of a non-lifting rotor as a function of reduced frequency for two values of space-chord ratio. Comparisons of these experimental data are made with a recent theoretical analysis of the indirect or design problem of unsteady lift in a moving two-dimensional cascade. Both the experimental and theoretical data are shown to exhibit the same trends with variations in space-chord ratio and reduced frequency. These results demonstrate that the unsteady blade interference effects are significant, and that the representation of the unsteady response of a turbomachine blade row as an isolated airfoil is not valid for reduced frequencies less than 1.2.

Sequential Processing of Two-Digit Numbers

2011 ◽  
Vol 219 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier García-Orza ◽  
Jesús Damas
Keyword(s):  
Arithmetic Progression ◽  
Interference Effect ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Matching Task ◽  
Sequential Processing ◽  
Data Support ◽  
Automatic Activation

Two experiments using a number matching task (NMT) explored whether two-digit numbers are processed holistically or in a compositional fashion. In the NMT participants are required to decide whether one of the two numbers initially provided (cues) is presented some milliseconds later or not (probe). Probes which have some arithmetic relationship to the cues (e.g., cues: 2 3, probe: 6) are rejected more slowy than probes unrelated to their cues (e.g., cues: 2 3, probe: 7) – interference effect –, and this is considered as evidence of the automatic activation of that arithmetic relationship. Participants were presented with two-digit cues and probes which had an arithmetic progression relationship only detectable once the numbers were decomposed (Experiment 1: cues: 56 7, probe: 89; Experiment 2: cues: 45 67, probe: 89). Results showed longer response times in these conditions compared to unrelated conditions. Data support componential processing even when the numbers to be matched are presented serially.

Learning Exceptions to Refine a Domain Expertise

2011 ◽  
pp. 1129-1136
Author(s):  
Rallou Thomopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Graphical Representation ◽  
Rule Learning ◽  
Graph Model ◽  
Relational Model ◽  
Generic Level ◽  
Domain Experts ◽  
Conceptual Graph ◽  
Domain Expertise ◽  
Numerous Data

This chapter deals with the problem of the cooperation of heterogeneous knowledge for the construction of a domain expertise, and more specifically for the discovery of new unexpected knowledge. Two kinds of knowledge are taken into account: • Expert statements. They constitute generic knowledge which rises from the experience of domain experts and describes commonly admitted mechanisms that govern the domain. This knowledge is represented as conceptual graph rules, which has the advantage to combine a logic-based formalism and an equivalent graphical representation, essential for non-specialist users (Bos, 1997). • Experimental data, given by international literature of the domain. They are represented in the relational model. These numerous data describe in detail, in a quantitative way, experiments that were carried out to deepen the knowledge of the domain, and the obtained results. These results may confirm the knowledge provided by the expert statements – or not. The cooperation of both kinds of knowledge aims, firstly, at testing the validity of the expert statements within the experimental data, secondly, at discovering refinements of the expert statements to consolidate the domain expertise. Two major differences between the two formalisms are the following. Firstly, the conceptual graphs represent knowledge at a more generic level than the relational data. Secondly, the conceptual graph model includes an ontological part (hierarchized vocabulary that constitutes the support of the model), contrary to the relational model. We introduce a process that allows one to test the validity of expert statements within the experimental data, that is, to achieve the querying of a relational database by a system expressed in the conceptual graph formalism. This process is based on the use of annotated conceptual graph patterns. When an expert statement appears not to be valid, a second-step objective is to refine it. This refinement consists of an automatic exception rule learning which provides unexpected knowledge in regard of previously established knowledge. The examples given in this chapter have been designed using the CoGui tool (http://www.lirmm. fr/cogui/) and concern a concrete application in the domain of food quality.

EXPRESS: Using Relative-Speed-of-Processing to Explain the Shielding Function of Task Rules

2021 ◽  
pp. 174702182110694
Author(s):  
Liang Huang ◽  
Bingxin Li ◽  
Panjie Yan ◽  
Chen Xu ◽  
Xueyin Tian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Processing Speed ◽  
Interference Effect ◽  
Temporal Sequence ◽  
Relative Speed ◽  
Speed Of Processing ◽  
Interference Effects ◽  
Task Rule ◽  
Processing Theory

In choice reaction tests, applying task rules instead of responding associatively can help participants shield against interference from distractors. However, the mechanism of such shielding functions remains unclear. Through four experiments, we show how the shielding function can be explained by the Relative-Speed-of-Processing theory. Experiment 1A demonstrated that applying task rules can reduce the relative processing advantage of the distractor by facilitating the target processing speed, thereby eliminating the interference effect. In Experiments 1B, and 1C, we manipulated the relative processing advantage between targets and distractors by adjusting the temporal sequence of the presence of the targets and distractors: stimuli appearing first would gain more relative processing advantage. The results showed that when the relative processing advantage of a distractor was large enough, applying task rules cannot help participants shield against the interference. Contrarily, when the relative processing advantage of the distractor was small, even without applying task rules, participants did not experience the interference. In Experiment 2, we directly manipulated the processing speed of the targets and the distractor, so that participants who responded associatively would facilitate target processing speed, but participants who applied task rules would not. Contrary to previous studies but in line with our prediction, in Experiment 2, only participants who applied task rules had interference effects. Our results suggested that applying the task rule might not help us shield against the interference directly. Instead, applying task rules improves target-processing speed, which in turn reduces the relative processing advantage of the distractor and eliminates the interference.

No lexical competition without priming: Evidence from the picture–word interference paradigm

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (12) ◽  
pp. 2562-2570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna S Gauvin ◽  
Magdalena K Jonen ◽  
Jessica Choi ◽  
Katie McMahon ◽  
Greig I de Zubicaray
Keyword(s):  
Interference Effect ◽  
Picture Naming ◽  
Interference Effects ◽  
Lexical Competition ◽  
Semantic Interference ◽  
The Past ◽  
Task Parameters ◽  
Naming Latencies ◽  
And Task

Over the past 40 years, researchers have assumed that semantic interference effects in picture naming reflect competition among lexical candidates during retrieval. In this study, we examined the role of the familiarisation phase in which participants are shown the target pictures and required to rehearse the appropriate names before the picture–word interference (PWI) paradigm is performed. A previous study reported that omitting the familiarisation phase reversed the polarity of the semantic effect to facilitation. In two experiments using between- and within-participants design, respectively, we compared PWI performance with and without familiarisation while using matched stimuli and task parameters. Overall, the results showed the typical semantic interference effect following familiarisation. However, in both experiments, naming latencies did not differ significantly between related and unrelated distractors when familiarisation was omitted. The current findings suggest that familiarisation plays an important role in determining semantic interference in PWI, most likely via raising lexical competitor activation by priming links between targets and related concepts. We also discuss broader implications of our findings with respect to the replicability of reported semantic facilitation effects in PWI.

Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Cone-Jet for Electrospray

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bui Quang Tran Si ◽  
Doyoung Byun ◽  
Sukhan Lee
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Analytical Model ◽  
Electric Potential ◽  
Interference Effect ◽  
Theoretical Study ◽  
Interference Model ◽  
Operating Voltage ◽  
Close Spacing ◽  
Stable Cone

The interference effect on an array of electrospray emitters is analytically and experimentally investigated. An analytical model is presented to predict the behavior of the operating voltage with respect to emitter spacing in an array of emitters. The basic idea of these models is to superimpose the electric potential of individual emitters together in an array of emitters. If only one of the emitters operates and no liquid is supplied through the neighboring emitters, the potential required to form a stable cone-jet generally increases as the emitters move closer to each other due to electrical shielding. However, at very close spacing the required potential decreases. If all the emitters operate simultaneously, the operating voltage required for cone-jet spraying increases as the emitter spacing decreases; furthermore, there is no decrease in potential when the spacing is very close. The results of the analytical electrostatic interference model agree well with the experimental data.

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