Evaluation of Bulls and Related Groups of the Jersey Breed on Dairy Productivity and Reproductive Capacity of Offspring

The article presents the results of research on the influence of paternal origin and belonging to a related group on the level of milk productivity of cows and the reproductive capacity of Jersey cows in the farm “Dan-Milk” of the Zhytomyr Region. The purpose of this study is to establish the influence of paternal origin and belonging to a related group on the level of milk productivity and reproductive capacity parameters of Jersey cows. The study established a substantial level of differentiation in the main economically useful features between groups of half-sisters by father. The best quantitative indicators of milk productivity were noted among the daughters of bulls DJ Jante 302761 (P<0.001) and Headline 114114336 (P<0.001), the worst indicators – among daughters of Karl 67037285. The highest indicators of fat and protein content in milk were noted in the cows bred from the bull Legal 61929249, the lowest – from the bull Karl 67037285. The influence of the origin of cows by father on the variability of milk yield and yield of milk fat and protein was 20.3–30.3% (up to P<0.001), the content of fat and protein in milk decreased to 13.2-20.0% (P<0.01 and P<0.05), and according to the reproductive capacity features – to 7.8-19.0% with an unreliable level of statistical significance. Prepotent as to milk yield are bulls Legal 61929249 and Headline 114114336, as to the content and yield of milk protein – Legal 61929249. Cows of the related group bred from the bull Observer 553236 are characterised by the highest milk yield and yield of milk fat and protein for both the first and best lactation, and cows of the related group bred from Surville 604694 are characterised by the worst yield. The influence of belonging to a related group on the studied features was several times lower (0.2-10.5%) compared to the influence of paternal origin. With an increase in the milk yield of cows over the first lactation, there is a stable and substantial decrease in the reproductive capacity coefficient due to the lengthening of the service period between the first and second calving. Such natural antagonism does not imply the goal of increasing the duration of the service period to obtain maximum milk yields for firstborn cows, since this will lead to a decrease in the yield of calves and render timely replenishment of the herd impossible. It is optimal to milk the firstborn up to 8 tonnes over 305 days of lactation while maintaining a satisfactory reproductive level

Influence of the extraction process on the antioxidant capacity of pequi pulp extracts

The effect of the extraction procedure on the antioxidant capacity of extracts of pequi pulp: aqueous (AQ), alcoholic (ALC) and acetomethyl (AM), obtained respectively by the solvents water, ethanol and methanol followed by acetone, was investigated. Antioxidant action was expressed by the antioxidant capacity coefficient (K) obtained by the electrochemical test (DPV) at different pH values, and in trolox equivalent (TEAC), through DPV (pH 7.15) and ABTS and DPPH spectrophotometric assays. Total carotenoid and phenolic contents were also determined. Through Principal Components and Cluster analysis, there was a greater similarity of K between AM, trolox and gallic acid, AQ and L-ascorbic acid, and ALC and β-carotene, irrespective of pH. Through Cluster analysis, the greatest K differentiation was at pH 2.20. In general, AM showed better antioxidant action (TEAC). AQ and ALC showed the highest phenolic and carotenoids content, respectively. The extraction method influenced the content of bioactive compounds in the pequi extracts and, therefore, their antioxidant capacity.

A New Method for Evaluating the Bearing Capacity of the Bridge Pile Socketed in the Soft Rock

Aiming at the rock-socketed pile in the soft rock area, this paper studies the inherent constitutive relationship between the vertical restraint stiffness at the pier bottom and the bearing capacity of the pile foundation. A new method to evaluate the bearing capacity of the pile foundation is proposed. Based on the Rayleigh energy method and the Southwell frequency synthesis method, the analytical expression of the vertical vibration fundamental frequency of the pier was calculated, and the constraint stiffness expression of the pier bottom was derived. By investigating the impact of parameters on the bearing capacity coefficient of the pile foundation, the fitting formula of the bearing capacity coefficient was obtained by multiple linear regression. Then, with this method, the vertical fundamental frequency of the pier was obtained through a field dynamic test to calculate the vertical constraint stiffness and evaluate the bearing capacity of the rock-socketed pile in the soft rock area. This method can overcome the shortcomings of the traditional static load test method, such as the high cost, long cycle, and poor representativeness. Finally, this method’s accuracy was verified by comparing field measurements and finite element simulation results. The results show that the difference between the code design constraint stiffness and the constraint stiffness by the frequency synthesis method was about 0.7%, and the bearing capacity difference between the analytical solution and the numerical simulation was small. The new method is accurate and effective.

Performance investigation of a two-stage thermoelectric cooler with inhomogeneous materials

A novel model of two-stage thermoelectric cooler with inhomogeneous thermal conductivity in steady-state operating condition is established. The modification of the constant properties model allows controlling the distribution of Joule heat. Considering internal irreversibilities of the thermoelectric cooler, expressions for the cooling capacity, coefficient of performance and exergy efficiency are derived. By utilizing numerical methods, the temperature profile along the thermoelectric legs is presented. The optimal operating regions are explored. The coefficient of performance versus cooling capacity describing optimal operating regions in inhomogeneity materials are plotted. Mean while, the influence of the main parameters such as the variation of thermal conductivity distribution, cold-end temperature and the number of thermoelectric modules on the cooling performance is discussed in detail. Results indicate that the cooling capacity, coefficient of performance and exergy efficiency are improved compared to those of homogeneous two-stage thermoelectric coolers when an appropriate inhomogeneous property parameter is applied. The work can provide guidance on design of actual two stage thermoelectric coolers with inhomogeneous materials.

FALSIFICATIONS OF POISSON ADIABATE, HUGONIO ADIABATE, LAPLACE SOUND SPEEDS. MODERNIZATION OF FOUNDATIONS OF THERMODYNAMICS

The inequality of the universal gas constant of the difference in the heat capacity of a gas at constant pressure with the heat capacity of a gas at a constant volume is proved. The falsifications of using the heat capacity of a gas at constant pressure, false enthalpy, Poisson adiabat, Laplace sound speed, Hugoniot adiabat, based on the use of the false equality of the universal gas constant difference in the heat capacity of a gas at constant pressure with the heat capacity of a gas at a constant volume, have been established. The dependence of pressure on temperature in an adiabatic gas with heat capacity at constant volume has been established. On the basis of the heat capacity of a gas at a constant volume, new formulas are derived: the adiabats of an ideal gas, the speed of sound, and the adiabats on a shock wave. The variability of pressure in the field of gravity is proved and it is indicated that the use of the specific coefficient of ideal gas at constant pressure in gas-dynamic formulas is pointless. It is shown that the false “basic formula of thermodynamics” implies the falseness of the equation with the specific heat capacity at constant pressure. New formulas are given for the adiabat of an ideal gas, adiabat on a shock wave, and the speed of sound, which, in principle, do not contain the coefficient of the specific heat capacity of a gas at constant pressure. It is shown that the well-known equation of heat conductivity with the gas heat capacity coefficient at constant pressure contradicts the basic energy balance equation with the gas heat capacity coefficient at constant volume.

DAIRY PRODUCTIVITY AND REPRODUCING QUALITIES OF THE Daughters of SIMMENTAL BULLS OF AUSTRIAN AND GERMAN SELECTION IN KHAKASIA

В совершенствовании крупного рогатого скота важную роль играет обмен генетическими ресурсами между разными странами. Данная статья посвящена изучению продуктивных качеств и воспроизводительных способностей дочерей симментальских быков импортной селекции, поскольку для успешного ведения селекционно-племенной работы необходимо решить вопрос о выборе породы, обеспечивающей высокую эффективность производства при сохранении способности к воспроизводству. Исследования проведены в Республике Хакасия на трех группах коров: I контрольная (дочери симментальских быков местной селекции), II опытная (дочери симментальских быков немецкой селекции), III опытная (дочери симментальских быков австрийской селекции). Были изучены хозяйственно-полезные признаки симментальских животных новых генотипов с целью выявления лучших в условиях Хакасии. Установлено, что дочери быков импортной селекции превышали сверстниц отечественной селекции по удою на 359,7—375,5 кг (9,0—9,4%), содержанию в молоке жира на 0,01%, белка — на 0,02—0,03%, живой массе — на 26,9—34,1 кг (5,2—6,6%). Потомки импортных быков имели достаточно высокий коэффициент воспроизводительной способности (0,99—1,02) и средний индекс плодовитости (45,9—47,5). Для совершенствования симментальского скота рекомендовано на местном маточном поголовье использовать симментальских быков австрийской и немецкой селекции с целью повышения молочной продуктивности и живой массы коров. Установленные взаимосвязи между основными хозяйственно полезными признаками необходимо использовать в дальнейшей селекционной работе с целью повышения генетического потенциала симментальских животных. An important role in improving cattle is played by the exchange of genetic resources between different countries. This article is devoted to the study of the productive qualities and reproductive abilities of daughters of Simmental bulls of imported selection, since for successful breeding and breeding work it is necessary to solve the problem of choosing a breed that provides high production efficiency while maintaining the ability to reproduce. Studies were conducted in the Republic of Khakassia on three groups of cows: I control (daughters of Simmental bulls of local selection), II experienced (daughters of Simmental bulls of German selection), III experienced (daughters of Simmental bulls of Austrian selection). The economically useful traits of Simmental animals of new genotypes were studied in order to identify the best in the conditions of Khakassia. It was established that the daughters of bulls of imported selection exceeded the peers of domestic selection in milk yield by 359.7—375.5 kg (9.0—9.4%), milk fat content by 0.01%, protein — by 0.02— 0.03%, live weight — 26.9–34.1 kg (5.2–6.6%). The descendants of imported bulls had a rather high reproductive capacity coefficient (0.99–1.02) and an average fertility index (45.9–47.5). To improve the Simmental cattle, it is recommended that the Simmental bulls of Austrian and German breeding be used in the local breeding stock to increase milk production and live weight of cows. The established interconnection

Effect of Clogging on the Permeability of Porous Asphalt Pavement

The purpose of this paper is to report on the drainage of porous asphalt pavement evaluation method suited for use in analyzing clogging effect. To preliminarily reveal the decrease in permeability caused by clogging of permeable asphalt pavement, an innovative device was proposed to evaluate the anisotropy of permeability influenced by clogging, and the maximum drainage capacity without surface ponding can be obtained when the supplied water was controlled. Then, finite element models for asphalt pavements with hydromechanical coupling were proposed based on porous media theory and Biot’s theory. The variation in pore water pressure was simulated by considering the decrease in voids and the increase in clogging grains. The results indicate that the internally retained water should not be ignored because the semiconnected voids were filled with water rapidly at the beginning of permeability tests. To avoid surface ponding, the drainage capacity coefficient (DCC) can be used to evaluate the maximum drainage capacity (MDC) influenced by clogging. Moreover, the pore water pressure increased due to the reduction in voids and a high level of clogging. In addition, the peak value of pore water pressure is also affected by the upper-layer height of the pavement. Under the action of clogging and driving load, a reasonable thickness of the upper layer and a drainage evaluation should be considered to improve road safety.

Thermal Performance Analysis of Low-GWP Refrigerants in Automotive Air-Conditioning System

The energy and exergy of low-global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants were investigated experimentally and theoretically. Refrigerants with a modest GWP100 of ≤ 150 can be sufficient for bringing down emissions which were concerned for the automotive air-conditioning system. Three types of low-GWP refrigerants, R152a, R1234yf, and R1234ze(E), were examined with particular reference to the current high-GWP of R134a. The effect of different evaporating and condensing temperatures in addition to compressor speed was considered. The purpose was to bring a clear view of the performance characteristics of possible environment friendly alternatives of R134a. The analysis was carried out with compressor power, cooling capacity, coefficient of performance, exergy destruction, and exergy efficiency. It was noted that the total exergy destruction of R1234yf was reduced by 15% compared to that of R134a. The refrigerant R1234ze(E) has the highest energetic and exergetic performance compared with the other investigated refrigerants.