20 Years Experience Burning Heavy Fuels in Heavy Duty Gas Turbines

This paper covers the early experience of the author’s company in burning residual oils in their gas turbines and the problems that occurred. The laboratory invesgations and field tests that resulted in a fuel processing system that permitted satisfactory operation on a wide range of liquid fuels are described. The operating experiences, where residual fuels were successfully burned in a large number of units, are described. The most recent operating experience with residual and crude oils and heavy distillates is also covered. A list of the various installations with dates and hours of operation is included and it is concluded that heavy duty gas turbines burning heavy fuels will be established as the up-to-date source of economical power in many applications.

A Gas Turbine Powered LNG Tanker

The author discusses some of the design features of the power plant for the world’s first gas turbine LNG carrier. The basic features of the dual fuel system are examined with respect to the use of LNG boil-off gas fuel, and marine operating and automation requirements. Marine classification society design criteria and operating constraints are briefly studied with respect to plant safety and functional interfaces with ship control systems. The concept of locked-shaft flaring of boil-off gas in port is discussed with emphasis on land-based system experience. The conclusion emphasizes safety and reliability features of this new marine application of the Heavy Duty Gas Turbine.

Lift Engine Bleed Flow Management for a V/STOL Fighter Reaction Control System

In a lift-plus-lift/cruise V/STOL fighter, reaction control may be used to provide pitch, roll and yaw control power during hover and low speed flight when aerodynamic control surfaces are ineffective. This power is provided by reaction jets in the pitch, roll and yaw axes. Reaction thrust is derived from lift engine bleed air. This paper discusses the trade studies leading to the selection of a reaction control system arrangement and a bleed air management concept. The selected system, its performance characteristics, and flow management are discussed.

Hot Isostatic Pressing of Titanium Alloys for Turbine Engine Components

This paper presents the state-of-the-art knowledge concerning the application of powder metallurgy to the fabrication of titanium alloy turbine engine components. The effect of powder type, powder processing, and method of powder consolidation on the mechanical properties and microstructures of P/M parts it discussed. The advantages of using hot isostatic pressing (HIP) in producing engine components is outlined.

Remanufacture of Jet Engine Compressor Components

A description of the various mechanical operations employed in the remanufacture of gas turbine engine compressor components such as blading, rotor disks and spacer, vane shroud assemblies and air seals are given. The operations described include tungsten inert gas, plasma needle arc and electron beam welding, furnace and torch brazing, glass bead and shot peening, magnetic particle and ultrasonic inspection, plasma spray and diffusion coating. Emphasis is given to the effect of these operations on the mechanical integrity of the engine component. For example, the effect of welding, brazing, peening and diffusion coating on the high cycle fatigue strength of compressor stator and rotor components is discussed. The effect of repair operations on jet engine compressor performance is also considered.

Gas Turbine Maintenance Support

The intent of this paper is to identify and describe the functions required from supporting groups to the Maintenance Department. Further, it will show how proper documentation and interpretation from this support can and will reduce maintenance costs. This is the tangible advantage. However, the intangible advantages show increased production because of reduced planned and unplanned shutdowns and is likewise included in this presentation.

Lift and Measurements in an Aerofoil in Unsteady Flow

A wind tunnel is described which is capable of producing both “transverse” and “streamwise” gusts. An account is given of the lift and pressure fluctuations measured on an isolated aerofoil tested in the tunnel. The response to a transverse gust compares well with Kemp’s (1) theory although the pressure distribution is not as predicted. The results suggest that the wake behavior and in particular the existence of a separation region can in practice seriously affect the validity of applying the now classical unsteady vortex theory.

Gas Turbine Intake Systems in Unusual Environments

Properly conditioned intake air is vital for top operating performance of a turbine. Equipment selection is dependent upon many factors — dust concentration in the area — climatic conditions — space limitations. Seven basic environmental locations are discussed with regard to the dust concentration, particle sizes, temperature and weather conditions which frequently make them unusual environments. In far too many instances the basic decision to use some form of air intake filter is taken without a proper understanding of the prevailing environmental conditions at the proposed gas turbine location and equally important without a proper understanding of what a given generic type of filter can do for the turbine in terms of preventing corosion erosion, and fouling.

Prediction of Flow Outlet Angle in Blade Rows With Conical Stream Surfaces

Turbine stages for large volume flows, which simultaneously operate with a considerable change in density, are geometrically designed in such a way that the flow is necessarily associated with pronounced radial movement. Under such conditions the methods used hitherto for prediction of the flow outlet angle from blade rows are not dependable. The present paper deals with this problem theoretically, assuming rotational symmetry and conical flow surfaces. It is found that rotation of the blading influences the process, i.e., a row of rotating blading has rather different deflection properties than a geometrically congruent stationary row.

Gas Turbine Icing in Cold Weather Pipeline Operation

The effect of ice formation and ingestion on ground based aircraft engine applications is described with a review of operating experience on a gas pipeline system. Measures introduced to reduce or eliminate the exposure of both the intake system and the engine are presented.