scholarly journals Using multilevel modeling to characterize interpersonal emotion regulation strategies and psychopathology in female friends

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kara Alise Christensen ◽  
Ilana Seager van Dyk ◽  
Sarah V. Nelson ◽  
Michael Vasey
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Predictive Power ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Expressive Suppression ◽  
Interpersonal Emotion Regulation ◽  
Regulation Strategies ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Unique Predictor

Although people frequently rely on others to help manage affect, it is unknown the extent to which interpersonal emotion regulation (ER) strategies are similar to intrapersonal ER or have incremental predictive power for psychopathology. Female friend dyads (N = 120) completed questionnaires assessing habitual intrapersonal and interpersonal ER strategy use and symptoms of psychopathology. We utilized multi-level models entering respondent’s perceived reception of interpersonal ER, friend’s perceived provision of interpersonal ER, and the interaction between the two, covarying for respondent’s intrapersonal ER, to predict respondent psychopathology. There was a positive association with psychopathology for friend provision of brooding rumination and a negative association for friend provision of cognitive reappraisal, suggesting incremental effects (in the same direction) of interpersonal ER. There was an interactive effect for interpersonal expressive suppression, such that when friends provided low-to-average levels of suppression (< 50.41st percentile), respondent-reported reception of suppression was positively associated with respondent psychopathology. When friends provided average-to-high levels of suppression (> 50.41st percentile), there was no association between respondent report and psychopathology. Results suggest that although interpersonal ER may function similarly to intrapersonal ER, it is a unique predictor of well-being. This underscores the necessity of evaluating interpersonal ER to understand regulation processes.

scholarly journals Development of a Novel Method of Emotion Differentiation That Uses Open-Ended Descriptions of Momentary Affective States

Assessment ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (8) ◽  
pp. 1928-1945 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Ottenstein ◽  
Tanja Lischetzke
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Sample Selection ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Emotion Differentiation ◽  
Diary Studies ◽  
Daily Diary Studies ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Regulation Strategies

Emotion differentiation (ED) has been conceptualized as a trait that facilitates emotion regulation and increases well-being. Yet basic questions remain unanswered about how best to assess it and whether favorable outcomes can be observed only during times of stress. The goal of the present research was to develop a novel behavioral (specificity) index of ED. We conducted two daily diary studies ( N = 111-190) in which we included different measures of ED, well-being, and emotion regulation. The different ED measures were largely unrelated to each other. In both studies, the specificity index of ED showed a positive association with daily well-being, but in Study 2, this association held only on days with a negative event. Results regarding ED and the use of emotion-regulation strategies were inconsistent across strategies and studies. Possible reasons for these mixed results (e.g., sample selection, context sensitivity of regulation strategies) are discussed.

scholarly journals Exploring Emotion Regulation and Perceived Control as Antecedents of Anxiety and Its Consequences During Covid-19 Full Remote Learning

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting Zhao ◽  
Zongmei Fu ◽  
Xi Lian ◽  
Linning Ye ◽  
Wei Huang
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Perceived Control ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Perceived Learning ◽  
Emotion Regulation Strategies ◽  
Expressive Suppression ◽  
Regulation Strategies ◽  
Remote Learning

Maintaining the emotional well-being of learners during a pandemic is important. This study explored the effects of two emotion regulation strategies (cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression) and perceived control on full remote learners' anxiety during Covid-19, and their relationship to perceived learning. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze 239 questionnaires completed by Chinese graduate students taking a course remotely from home for 13 weeks. This study showed that reappraisal was positively related to perceived control, whereas suppression was negatively related to perceived control. Reappraisers perceived more learning, whereas suppressors experienced more anxiety. Anxiety was significantly and negatively related to perceived learning. Mediation analyses showed the existence of different patterns of mediation in the pathways from the two types of emotion regulation to perceived learning. These findings are discussed in relation to relevant studies conducted during non-pandemic periods and Covid-19, and based on the results we highlight the need for interventions aimed at developing adaptive emotion regulation strategies and reducing anxiety in emergency remote learning.

scholarly journals Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response self-reporters showed higher scores for cognitive reappraisal as an emotion regulation strategy

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e11474
Author(s):  
Ricardo Morales ◽  
Daniela Ramírez-Benavides ◽  
Mario Villena-Gonzalez
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Cognitive Reappraisal ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Expressive Suppression ◽  
Psychological Constructs ◽  
Tingling Sensation ◽  
Regulation Strategies ◽  
Sound Sensitivity

Background Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response (ASMR) describes the experience of a pleasant tingling sensation along the back of the head, accompanied with a feeling of well-being and relaxation, in response to specific audio-visual stimuli, such as whispers, soft sounds, and personal attention. Previous works have assessed individual variations in personality traits associated with ASMR, but no research to date has explored differences in emotion regulation associated with ASMR. This omission occurred even when ASMR, a sensory-emotional experience, has been proposed to be located in a sound sensitivity spectrum as the opposite end of misophonia, a phenomenon associated with difficulties regulating emotions. The present work aimed to assess group differences between ASMR self-reporters and non-ASMR controls associated with emotion regulation strategies. Methods We used the validated Spanish version of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire to assess individual differences in the use of cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression. Results Our results showed that participants who experience ASMR had higher scores in the cognitive reappraisal subscale of the emotion regulation questionnaire than the non-ASMR group. Conclusions Individuals who experience ASMR reported higher use of cognitive reevaluation of emotionally arousing situations, suggesting more effectiveness in regulating emotions. Our finding further elucidates individual differences related to this experience, supporting that ASMR is a real psychophysiological phenomenon associated with other psychological constructs and has remarkable consequences in affective/emotional dimensions and general well-being.

scholarly journals Cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression relate differentially to longitudinal structural brain development across adolescence

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lia Ferschmann ◽  
Nandita Vijayakumar ◽  
Håkon Grydeland ◽  
Knut Overbye ◽  
Kathryn L. Mills ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Nucleus Accumbens ◽  
Cognitive Reappraisal ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Structural Development ◽  
Emotion Regulation Strategies ◽  
Expressive Suppression ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Regulation Strategies ◽  
The Brain

Emotional disorders commonly emerge in adolescence, a period characterized by changes in emotion-related processes. Thus, the ability to regulate emotions is crucial for well-being and adaptive social functioning during this period. Concurrently, the brain undergoes large structural and functional changes. We investigated relations between tendencies to use two emotion regulation strategies, cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression, and structural development of the cerebral cortex and subcortical structures (specifically amygdala and nucleus accumbens given these structures are frequently associated with emotion regulation). A total of 112 participants (59 females) aged 8-26 were followed for up to 3 times over a 7-year period, providing 272 observations. Participants completed the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ), yielding a measure of tendencies to use cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression at the final time point. Linear mixed model analyses were performed to account for the longitudinal nature of the data. Contrary to expectations, volumetric growth of the amygdala and nucleus accumbens was not associated with either emotion regulation strategy. However, frequent use of expressive suppression was linked to greater regionally-specific apparent cortical thinning in both sexes, while tendency to use cognitive reappraisal was associated with greater regionally-specific apparent thinning in females and less thinning in males. Although cognitive reappraisal is traditionally associated with cognitive control regions of the brain, our results suggest it is also associated with regions involved in social cognition and semantics. The continued changes in cortical morphology and their associations with habitual use of different emotion regulation strategies indicate continued plasticity during this period, and represent an opportunity for interventions targeting emotion regulation for adolescents at risk.

scholarly journals Smiling won't make you feel better, but it might make people like you more: Interpersonal and interpersonal consequences of response-focused emotion regulation strategies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Bahl ◽  
Allison Ouimet
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Relationship Quality ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Electrodermal Activity ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Emotion Regulation Strategies ◽  
Expressive Suppression ◽  
Regulation Strategies

Emotion regulation (ER) is integral to well-being and relationship quality. Experimental studies tend to explore the intrapersonal effects of ER (i.e., impacts of ER on one’s self), and leave out the interpersonal impacts (i.e., the bidirectional impact of ER on the regulator and partner). The ER strategy expressive suppression shows maladaptive interpersonal and intrapersonal consequences during distressing conversations. We aimed to explore whether other ER strategies that modify facial expressions (i.e., expressive dissonance) have similar consequences to suppressing emotions. We randomly assigned 164 women participants to use expressive dissonance, expressive suppression, or to naturally express emotions, while engaging in a conversation task with a confederate. We observed intrapersonal outcomes, including electrodermal activity and self-reported affect throughout the experiment, and memory performance after. Blinded video coders assessed the conversation on interpersonal qualities (e.g., friendliness and likeability). There were no differences between conditions on intrapersonal outcomes. Participants engaging in expressive dissonance, however, were rated more positively, and participants in the expressive suppression condition were rated more negatively on interpersonal qualities, relative to the control condition. Although neither strategy appeared to impact the participant, intrapersonally, both notably influenced the observer’s impression of the participant.

Smiling won’t make you feel better: Response-focused emotion regulation strategies have little impact on cognitive, behavioural, physiological, and subjective outcomes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Bahl ◽  
Allison Ouimet
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Electrodermal Activity ◽  
Adaptive Strategy ◽  
Expressive Suppression ◽  
Memory Accuracy ◽  
Cognitive Behavioural ◽  
Regulation Strategies ◽  
The Common ◽  
Subjective Outcomes

Background and Objectives. Response-focused emotion regulation (RF-ER) strategies may alter people’s evoked emotions, influencing psychophysiology, memory accuracy, and affect. Researchers have found that participants engaging in expressive suppression (ES; a RF-ER strategy) experience increased sympathetic nervous system arousal, affect (i.e., higher subjective anxiety and negative emotion), and lowered memory accuracy. It is unclear, however, whether all RF-ER strategies exert maladaptive effects. Expressive dissonance (ED; displaying an expression opposite from how one feels) is a RF-ER strategy, and thus likely considered “maladaptive”. As outlined by the facial feedback hypothesis, however, smiling may increase positive emotion, suggesting it may be an adaptive strategy. We compared the effects of ED and ES to a control condition on psychophysiology, memory accuracy, and affect, to assess whether ED is an adaptive RF-ER strategy, relative to ES. Methods. We randomly assigned 144 female participants to engage in ED, ES, or to naturally observe, while viewing negative and arousing images. We recorded electrodermal activity and self-reported affect throughout the experiment and participants completed memory tasks. Results. There were no differences between groups across outcomes. Conclusion. Engaging in ES or ED may not lead to negative or positive impacts, shedding doubt on the common conclusion that specific strategies are categorically adaptive or maladaptive.

Ethnic variation in emotion regulation: do cultural differences end where psychopathology begins?

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 445-445
Author(s):  
E.A. Arens ◽  
N. Balkir ◽  
S. Barnow
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Ethnic Variation ◽  
Cultural Perspective ◽  
Expressive Suppression ◽  
Turkish Immigrants ◽  
Frequent Use ◽  
Turkish Patients ◽  
Mental Well Being

IntroductionEmotion regulation (ER) via cognitive reappraisal (CR) has been shown to be superior to the use of expressive suppression (ES) in terms of several aspects of mental well-being. However, a cultural perspective suggests that the consequences of ES may be moderated by cultural values (Western/individualistic vs. Eastern/collectivistic values).ObjectiveTo test this hypothesis that ES may be associated with better outcomes in collectivistic cultures (e.g. Turkey) than in individualistic cultures (e.g. Germany) not only in healthy individuals but also in patients with mental disorders.AimThis study aims to gather knowledge to what extent associations of ER strategies and mental health are universal or rather culturally specific.MethodsWe investigated healthy (n = 30) and depressed (n = 30) German women and healthy (n = 30) and depressed (n = 30) Turkish immigrants living in Germany. Groups were compared in terms of frequency of ER strategies (CR and ES) and their consequences for different aspects of mental well-being.ResultsHealthy Turkish immigrants exhibited a greater ER flexibility (frequent use of ES plus frequent use of CR) what was associated with more positive outcomes of ES in Turkish than in German women. None of these differences were found between patient samples, both of which showed a greater use of ES than CR.ConclusionsResults suggest that cultural moderation of ES consequences are associated with a greater ER flexibility in healthy Turkish individuals. Depressed Turkish patients may not profit from ES due to their more rigid use of ES.

Cheering My Friends Up: The Unique Role of Interpersonal Emotion Regulation Strategies in Social Competence

2021 ◽  
pp. 026540752110542
Author(s):  
Kyongboon Kwon ◽  
Belén López-Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Social Competence ◽  
Peer Group ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
Fifth Grade ◽  
Affective Engagement ◽  
Interpersonal Emotion Regulation ◽  
Regulation Strategies ◽  
Peer Nominations ◽  
Interpersonal Domain

A systematic investigation has been lacking regarding children’s deliberate regulation of others’ emotions which is labeled interpersonal emotion regulation (ER). Based on a theoretically derived model of Interpersonal Affect Classification, we examined children’s interpersonal ER strategy use in the peer group. Participants were 398 fourth and fifth grade children from the Midwestern United States. Children rated themselves regarding their use of intrapersonal and interpersonal ER strategies as well as attention to friends’ emotions. Teacher-report and peer nominations were used to assess social competence regarding prosocial behavior and emotion sharing. Awareness of and attention to friends’ emotions were positively and more strongly associated with interpersonal ER than intrapersonal ER. Children reported affective engagement most strongly followed by humor, cognitive engagement, and attention to improve friends’ feelings. Among the four interpersonal ER strategies, only affective engagement was uniquely associated with social competence; intrapersonal ER was not associated with social competence. The findings support the significance of broadening the focus of ER to the interpersonal domain to promote the development of children’s ER and social competence.

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