scholarly journals Muscle And Fat Aftereffects And The Role Of Gender: Implications For Body Image Disturbance

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin R. Brooks ◽  
Edwina Keen ◽  
Daniel Sturman ◽  
Jon Mond ◽  
Dick stevenson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
General Population ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Body Image Disturbance ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Consumers ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Female Bodies

Body image disturbance – a cause of distress amongst the general population and those diagnosed with various disorders – is often attributed to the media’s unrealistic depiction of ideal bodies. These ideals are strongly gendered, leading to pronounced fat concern amongst females, and a male preoccupation with muscularity. Recent research suggests that visual aftereffects may be fundamental to the misperception of body fat and muscle mass – the perceptual component of body image disturbance. This study sought to establish the influence of gender on these body aftereffects. Male and female observers were randomly assigned to one of four adaptation conditions (low fat, high fat, low muscle, and high muscle bodies) and were asked to adjust the apparent fat and muscle levels of male and female bodies to make them appear as ‘normal’ as possible both before and after adaptation. While neither the gender of observers or of body stimuli had a direct effect, aftereffect magnitude was significantly larger when observers viewed own-gender (compared to other-gender) stimuli. This effect, which may be due to attentional factors, could have implications for the development of body image disturbance, given the preponderance of idealised own-gender bodies in media marketed to male and female consumers.

Romantic partners and body image disturbance: Further evidence for the role of perceived?actual disparities

Sex Roles ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 33 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 589-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stacey Tantleff-Dunn ◽  
J. Kevin Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Romantic Partners ◽  
Body Image Disturbance

scholarly journals The Role of Body Image on Psychosocial Outcomes in People With Diabetes and People With an Amputation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah McDonald ◽  
Louise Sharpe ◽  
Carolyn MacCann ◽  
Alex Blaszczynski
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Medical Condition ◽  
Psychosocial Outcomes ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Body Image Disturbance ◽  
Psychosocial Outcome ◽  
Personal Investment ◽  
Ideal Discrepancy

IntroductionResearch indicates that body image disturbance is associated with poorer psychosocial outcomes for individuals with physical health conditions, with poorest body image reported for individuals with visible bodily changes. Using White’s (2000) theoretical model of body image the present paper aimed to examine the nature of these relationships in two distinct groups: individuals with an amputation and individuals with diabetes. It was hypothesized that body image disturbance would be associated with psychosocial outcomes and would mediate the relationships between self-ideal discrepancy and personal investment in psychosocial outcomes.MethodsIndividuals with diabetes (N = 212) and individuals with an amputation (N = 227) provided details regarding their medical condition, and completed measures assessing body image, investment, self-ideal discrepancy, depression, anxiety, and quality of life. Structural equation and invariance modeling were used to test the model paths and the invariance of the model.ResultsAs hypothesized, body image disturbance was found to mediate the relationships between personal investment and psychosocial outcome, and between self-ideal discrepancy and psychosocial outcome. The predicted paths were invariant across groups, although the model accounted for more variance in people with an amputation than people with diabetes.ConclusionBody image disturbance, personal investment, and self-ideal discrepancy are important factors contributing to psychosocial outcome for individuals with diabetes and individuals with an amputation. These findings not only confirm the validity of the model in these two groups, but they emphasize the importance of targeting body image in future psychological interventions for individuals with a health condition.

Does estradiol mediate leptin’s effects on adiposity and body weight?

1999 ◽  
Vol 276 (5) ◽  
pp. E955-E963 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Ann Pelleymounter ◽  
Mary Beth Baker ◽  
Michael McCaleb
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Mass Reduction ◽  
Fat Utilization ◽  
Estradiol Secretion ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Estradiol Levels

The role of estradiol in mediating leptin’s effects on body weight was assessed in ovariectomized (OVX) mice before and after the onset of obesity. Ovariectomy did not alter leptin levels before the onset of obesity, and estradiol adminstration (0.05–17 μg/day for 14 days) did not significantly alter leptin levels if they were corrected for the estradiol-induced reduction in body fat. The converse was also true, in that leptin administration (0.4–140 μg/day) did not alter estradiol levels in intact mice. Furthermore, neither estradiol reduction (via ovariectomy) nor addition (via exogenous administration) significantly altered leptin’s ability to reduce fat mass. Leptin was equally effective in reducing body weight in lean or obese OVX mice and intact controls. Finally, estradiol did not change the magnitude of leptin’s effect on fat mass reduction when it was given in combination with leptin to lean intact or OVX mice. Estradiol may have indirectly affected leptin efficacy, because leptin did not produce as large a change in fat mass at lower doses in lean OVX mice as it did in intact counterparts. Taken together, these data suggested that 1) estradiol does not directly regulate leptin secretion or its effects on fat mass and 2) leptin does not directly regulate estradiol secretion or its effects on fat mass. Leptin and estradiol, however, may interact in an indirect fashion to affect fat utilization.

scholarly journals Dextrose Hydration May Promote Cisplatin-induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats: Gender-related Difference

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-44
Author(s):  
Farzaneh Karimi ◽  
Sayyedehnikta Kasaei ◽  
Azar Baradaran ◽  
Farzaneh Ashrafi ◽  
Ardeshir Talebi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Tissue ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Cisplatin Nephrotoxicity ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Different Doses

BACKGROUNDS: Cisplatin (CP) as an anticancer drug may affect the plasma glucose level while diabetic subjects are protected against CP-induced nephrotoxicity. In the current study, the role of dextrose hydration during CP therapy on CP-induced nephrotoxicity was evaluated.METHODS: Sixty-nine male and female rats were divided into 12 groups. The rats were hydrated with 15 mL/kg vehicle or different doses of 2%, 10% and 20% dextrose before and after 7.5 mg/kg CP administration. One week later, the biochemical and kidney function markers, and histology finding were determined.RESULTS: All the animals co-treated with CP and 20% dextrose, were dead during one week of the experiment. Administration of CP alone increased kidney tissue damage score (KTDS) and kidney weight (KW). It also elevated the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and BUN-creatineine ratio (BUN/Cr) levels in the serum. In addition, CP decreased body weight and creatinine (Cr) clearance (ClCr) significantly in both male and female rats (p<0.05). However, 2% and 10% dextrose did not alter the mentioned parameters in male, but 10% dextrose supplement increased the serum levels of BUN, Cr and BUN/Cr ratio, KW and KTDS significantly in female rats (p<0.05).CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that not only do not support the nephro-protective role of dextrose hydration during CP therapy, the dextrose hydration can act as risk factor to promote CP-induced nephrotoxicity in female rats. Prohibition of high carbohydrate (glucose) diet during CP therapy is recommended.KEYWORDS: cisplatin, nephrotoxicity, dextrose, rat, gender

The role of disgust in body image disturbance: Incremental predictive power of self-disgust

Body Image ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 128-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara M. Stasik-O’Brien ◽  
Jeremy Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Predictive Power ◽  
Body Image Disturbance

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF THE INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA IN THE MODULATION OF FOOD INTAKE AND BODY WEIGHT

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew John Dalby
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Low Fat Diet ◽  
Diet Induced Obesity

This research investigated the role of the intestinal microbiota in shaping host food intake and body weight through immunomodulation, the impact of refined and unrefined diets, and though fermentable fibre induced gastrointestinal hormone secretion. Gut-derived lipopolysaccharide activating TLR4 has been proposed to contribute to obesity. To investigate this, TLR4-/- or CD14-/- mice and C57BL/6J controls were fed a high-fat or low-fat diet. Neither TLR4-/- or CD14-/- were protected against high-fat diet-induced obesity. High-fat diet increased hypothalamic expression of SerpinA3N and SOCS3 regardless of genotype; however, inflammatory gene expression was not increased. To investigate the use of chow control diets in obesity-associated microbiota changes, C57BL/6J mice were fed a chow diet, refined high-fat, or low-fat diet. Both high-fat and low-fat refined diets resulted in similar dramatic alterations in the composition of the intestinal microbiota at the phylum, family, and species level compared to chow, while only high-fat diet feeding resulted in obesity and glucose intolerance. The roles of colonic GLP-1 and PYY in mediating fermentable fibre in reducing food intake and body fat were investigated using GLP-1R-/- and PYY-/- mice fed a high-fat diet supplemented with inulin or cellulose. Inulin supplementation reduced body fat and food intake in C57BL/6J control mice while GLP-1R-/- and PYY-/- mice showed an attenuated response to dietary inulin. In summary, this research questions the role of TLR4 and LPS in diet-induced obesity. These results demonstrate the importance of the control diet used in studies of obesity in mice and indicate that many of the obesity-associated changes in the gut microbiota are due to comparing refined high-fat diets with chow diets. These results also provide evidence for an essential role for both GLP-1 and PYY in mediating the food intake and bodyweight-reducing effects of fermentable fibre.

scholarly journals Energy expenditure in obesity-prone and obesity-resistant rats before and after the introduction of a high-fat diet

2010 ◽  
Vol 299 (4) ◽  
pp. R1097-R1105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew R. Jackman ◽  
Paul S. MacLean ◽  
Daniel H. Bessesen
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Before And After

While most rats gain weight when placed on a high-fat diet (HFD), some strains resist HFD-induced weight gain. To maintain weight, obesity-resistant (OR) rats must either eat less than obesity-prone (OP) rats or increase total energy expenditure (TEE). To determine if changes in TEE predispose to or protect from weight gain, energy expenditure, energy intake, and weight gain were measured in male and female OP and OR rats consuming a low-fat diet (LFD) and for 5 days after switching to a HFD. After 5 days on a HFD, OP rats gained significantly more weight (male: 42.8 ± 6.9 g, female: 25.5 ± 3.0 g) than their OR counterparts (male: 24.0 ± 7.5 g, female: 13.7 ± 1.4 g). Both male and female rats significantly increased their energy intake when transitioned to the HFD, and TEE increased modestly in all groups. Compared with female OP rats, female OR rats had a significantly greater increase in TEE on the HFD. This was due to an increase in both resting and nonresting energy expenditure. In contrast, the effect of the HFD in males was minor. TEE was also measured in female rats consuming a HFD, pair fed to LFD calories. The increase in TEE of pair-fed female OR rats was substantially less than what was seen in the HFD ad libitum condition. Physical activity was also measured in female rats. There was no evidence that increases in physical activity were the cause of the increased TEE seen in female OR rats consuming a HFD. These results suggest that resistance to HFD-induced weight gain in female OR rats may be due in part to an increase in TEE and a greater reliance on lipid as an energy source. Changes in TEE appear to be triggered by overconsumption of the HFD and not simply the diet composition.

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