Is the habit system altered in individuals with obesity? A systematic review

Habit-like eating behavior is repeatedly pointed to as a key cognitive mechanism contributing to the maintenance of overweight and obesity. Here, we conducted a systematic review of the literature to assess the existent behavioural evidence for the Habit Hypothesis for Overeating (HHO) which states that overweight and obesity are the consequence of an imbalance between the habit and goal-directed reward learning systems, leading to overconsumption of food. We found a total of 16 studies implementing a variety of different experimental protocols (i.e., free operant paradigm, slips-of-action test, two-step task, Pavlovian-to-Instrumental (PIT) paradigm, probabilistic learning task) and manipulations that rely on radically different theoretical stances. Studies using satiety-based outcome devaluation procedures as well as probabilistic learning tasks seem to provide preliminary evidence for the HHO. However, findings from different outcome devaluation procedures, sequential decision-making tasks, and PIT paradigms fail to show increased habitual eating behavior propensity in obesity. Taken together, the results of these studies do not support the HHO conclusively. More research along these lines is needed, as if proved, HHO might have a transformative impact on public health, shifting the traditional framework in the treatment and prevention of overweight and obesity.

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Prevalence and trends of overweight and obesity in European children from 1999 to 2016: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Yearbook of Paediatric Endocrinology ◽

10.1530/ey.17.15.9 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Garrido-Miguel M ◽

Cavero-Redondo I ◽

Alvarez-Bueno C ◽

Rodriguez-Artalejo F ◽

Moreno LA ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Overweight And Obesity

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Effectiveness of parent-centred interventions for the prevention and treatment of childhood overweight and obesity in community settings: A Systematic Review.

The JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports ◽

10.11124/01938924-201008161-00003 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 8 (Supplement) ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

James Bray ◽

Clare Collins ◽

Philip Morgan ◽

Tracy Burrows

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Childhood Overweight ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Community Settings ◽

Childhood Overweight And Obesity ◽

Prevention And Treatment

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Association between muscle strength and risk factors for metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents: a systematic review

Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1515/jpem-2020-0135 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Tiago R. de Lima ◽

Priscila C. Martins ◽

Giuseppe L. Torre ◽

Alice Mannocci ◽

Kelly S. Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Systematic Review ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Muscle Strength ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Lower Risk ◽

Preliminary Evidence ◽

Risk Of Bias ◽

The Body ◽

Reference List

AbstractThe aim of this systematic review was to identify and summarize evidence for the association between muscle strength (MS) and metabolic syndrome (MetS), and MS and combinations of risk factors for MetS in children and adolescents. Five databases (Medline/PubMed, EBSCO, Scielo, Scopus, and Web of Knowledge) were searched up to November 2019 with complementary reference list searches. Inclusion criteria were studies that investigated the relationship between MS and MetS or MS and combinations of risk factors for MetS in children and adolescents (≤19 years of age). Risk of bias was assessed using standard procedures. From the total of 15,599 articles initially identified, 13 articles were included, representing 11,641 children and adolescents. Higher MS values were associated with lower risk for MetS or combinations of risk factors for MetS (n=11/13 studies). Of the total of included studies, about 23.1% (03/13) were longitudinal and all included studies were classified as having a moderate risk of bias. This review provides preliminary evidence for a beneficial relationship between MS and MetS among children and adolescents. Additionally, although the body of evidence points to the beneficial relationship between higher MS and lower risk for combination of factors for MetS in children and adolescents, this relationship is inconclusive.

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Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Possibilities of Prevention and Treatment: A Systematic Review

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13061782 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 1782

Author(s):

Monika Grabia ◽

Renata Markiewicz-Żukowska ◽

Katarzyna Socha

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Type 1 Diabetes ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Treatment Options ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Excess Body Weight ◽

Healthy Population ◽

Prevention And Treatment

Overweight and obesity are an increasingly common problem, not only among the healthy population, but also in adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1DM). Excess body weight is related to many cardiometabolic complications as well as a high risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS). The purpose of this systematic review is to provide a concise and critical overview of the prevalence of MetS in children and adolescents with T1DM and, ultimately, to discuss prevention and treatment options. The study was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. This review shows that, apart from the growing percentage of overweight and obese children and adolescents with T1DM (on average 20.1% and 9.5%, respectively), the problem of the increasing incidence of MetS (range from 3.2 to 29.9%, depending on the criteria used) is one of the most important phenomena of our time. One of the methods of prevention and treatment is a combined approach: changing eating habits and lifestyle, but there are also reports about the beneficial effects of the gut microflora.

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Taxing sugar-sweetened beverages as a policy to reduce overweight and obesity in countries of different income classifications: a systematic review

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980021002901 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-27

Author(s):

Alexander Itria ◽

Stéfani S. Borges ◽

Ana Elisa M. Rinaldi ◽

Luciana Bertoldi Nucci ◽

Carla Cristina Enes

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Price Change ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Cochrane Library ◽

Obesity Prevalence ◽

Middle Income ◽

Sugar Sweetened Beverage ◽

Middle Income Countries ◽

Sweetened Beverages ◽

Prevalence Of Obesity

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the potential impact of sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) taxes on overweight and obesity prevalence in countries of different income classifications. Design: Systematic review following PRISMA guidelines (PROSPERO number CRD42020161612). Five databases (Cochrane Library, Embase, LILACS (via Virtual Health Library) and MEDLINE (via PubMed), and Web of Science were searched, from January 2009 up to December 2019. Articles that reported changes in purchases, sales, intake, body weight, BMI, overweight and/or obesity prevalence due to a tax on, or price change in SSBs were included. Setting: Studies conducted in countries of different income classifications. Participants: The search yielded 8,349 articles of which twenty-one met inclusion criteria. Results: Among the 16 studies selected, only 2 did not show that consumption, sales and purchase decreased as the price of SSBs increased. In 8 of the 13 studies selected, a positive effect of an SSB tax on decreasing overweight and obesity prevalence was expected. It is estimated that a 20% taxation on SSBs would result in a greater decrease in the prevalence of overweight and obesity compared to a 10% rate. Studies with no significant effect of taxing on sales, purchases, consumption and prevalence of obesity were from high-income countries, while significant effects of taxing on reducing purchase, consumption and/or obesity prevalence were found in studies from upper-middle and middle-income countries. Conclusion: A high SSB tax might be an effective fiscal policy to decrease purchase and consumption of SSBs and reduce overweight/obesity prevalence, especially if the tax were specific for beverage volume.

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Systematic review of interventions in the childcare setting with direct parental involvement: effectiveness on child weight status and energy balance-related behaviours

International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity ◽

10.1186/s12966-019-0874-6 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

I. van de Kolk ◽

S. R. B. Verjans-Janssen ◽

J. S. Gubbels ◽

S. P. J. Kremers ◽

S. M. P. L. Gerards

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Systematic Review ◽

Energy Balance ◽

Parental Involvement ◽

Sedentary Behaviour ◽

Weight Status ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Early Years ◽

Effect Sizes ◽

Intervention Effectiveness

Abstract Background The early years are a crucial period to promote healthy energy balance-related behaviours in children and prevent overweight and obesity. The childcare setting is important for health-promoting interventions. Increasingly, attention has been paid to parental involvement in childcare-based interventions. The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the effectiveness of these interventions with direct parental involvement on the children’s weight status and behavioural outcomes. Methods A systematic search was conducted in four electronic databases to include studies up until January 2019. Studies written in English, describing results on relevant outcomes (weight status, physical activity, sedentary behaviour and/or nutrition-related behaviour) of childcare-based interventions with direct parental involvement were included. Studies not adopting a pre-post-test design or reporting on pilot studies were excluded. To improve comparability, effect sizes (Cohen’s d) were calculated. Information on different types of environment targeted (e.g., social, physical, political and economic) was extracted in order to narratively examine potential working principles of effective interventions. Results A total of 22 studies, describing 17 different interventions, were included. With regard to the intervention group, 61.1% found some favourable results on weight status, 73.3% on physical activity, 88.9% on sedentary behaviour, and all on nutrition-related behaviour. There were studies that also showed unfavourable results. Only a small number of studies was able to show significant differences between the intervention and control group (22.2% weight status, 60.0% physical activity, 66.6% sedentary behaviour, 76.9% nutrition behaviour). Effect sizes, if available, were predominantly small to moderate, with some exceptions with large effect sizes. The interventions predominantly targeted the socio-cultural and physical environments in both the childcare and home settings. Including changes in the political environment in the intervention and a higher level of intensity of parental involvement appeared to positively impact intervention effectiveness. Conclusion Childcare-based interventions with direct parental involvement show promising effects on the children’s energy balance-related behaviours. However, evidence on effectiveness is limited, particularly for weight-related outcomes. Better understanding of how to reach and involve parents may be essential for strengthening intervention effectiveness.

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