scholarly journals Confidence in complex risk judgments: the roles of uncertainty, experience, and affect

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Benjamin Stephensen ◽  
Torsten Martiny-Huenger ◽  
Christin Schulze
Keyword(s):  
Domain Specific ◽  
Affective Evaluation ◽  
Specific Experience ◽  
Risk Judgment ◽  
Individual Participant ◽  
Decision Environment ◽  
Judgment Process ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Risk Judgments ◽  
Avalanche Risk

Disagreement persists about the origin of confidence and the internal signals that influence its formation. Using combined individual participant data from four studies (N = 181), we examined confidence in relation to the perceived source of uncertainty for a risk judgment and explored the roles of domain-specific experience and affective evaluations in the formation of confidence. In each study, participants with domain-specific experience (backcountry skiers) performed complex risk judgments (judging avalanche risk) for multiple highly uncertain contexts (hypothetical scenarios in avalanche terrain). We examined whether more experienced participants could better recognize the inherent uncertainty of the decision environment, and if they did so with greater confidence. For complex tasks such as judging avalanche risk, experience should increase a person’s understanding of the probabilistic, unpredictable nature of that environment. Yet our findings suggests that participants of all levels of experience attributed uncertainty to their own judgment process rather than to the limitations and inherent uncertainty of the environment. We also examined whether participants’ affective evaluations influenced confidence in their risk judgments. Affective evaluations are understood to play a crucial orienting role in the risk judgment process. We found evidence of an interplay between affective and cognitive judgments in the formation of confidence. Participants were more confident when their affective evaluation matched their risk judgment, and less confident when there was a mismatch between the two. Our research illustrates a troubling limitation in the development of confidence with experience and the potential (dis)advantageous effect of affective evaluations on confidence in certain contexts.

scholarly journals Does variation in trait schizotypy and frequency of cannabis use influence the acute subjective, cognitive and psychotomimetic effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol? A mega-analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 026988112095960
Author(s):  
Abigail M Freeman ◽  
Claire Mokrysz ◽  
Chandni Hindocha ◽  
Will Lawn ◽  
Celia JA Morgan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Memory Impairment ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Acute Effects ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Schizotypal Personality ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Individual Participant ◽  
Psychotomimetic Effects

Background: While the acute effects of cannabis are relatively benign for most users, some individuals experience significant adverse effects. This study aimed to identify whether variation in schizotypal personality traits and frequency of cannabis use influence the acute effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Methods: Individual participant data from four double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, acute crossover studies involving 128 cannabis users were combined for a mega-analysis. Using multilevel linear models and moderation analyses, frequency of cannabis use and schizotypal personality traits were investigated as potential moderators of the subjective, cognitive and psychotomimetic effects of acute THC. Results: There was evidence of a moderating effect where increased frequency of cannabis use was associated with reduced intensity of subjective (changes in alertness and feeling stoned) and psychosis-like effects following THC when compared with placebo. Moderating effects of cannabis use frequency on acute memory impairment were weak. Trait schizotypy did not moderate the acute psychosis-like effects of THC compared with placebo. Conclusions: Our results suggest that a pattern of domain-specific tolerance develops to the acute effects of THC. Tolerance to the alertness-reducing effects occurred more readily than tolerance to psychotomimetic effects. Only partial tolerance to feeling stoned was found, and there was weak evidence for tolerance to memory impairment. Trait schizotypy did not moderate THC’s effects on psychotomimetic symptoms.

The Impact of Domain-Specific Experience on Chess Skill: Reanalysis of a Key Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 132 (1) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Burgoyne ◽  
Nye ◽  
Macnamara ◽  
Charness ◽  
Hambrick
Keyword(s):  
Domain Specific ◽  
Specific Experience ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Eye movements reflect expertise development in hybrid search

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan H. Papesh ◽  
Michael C. Hout ◽  
Juan D. Guevara Pinto ◽  
Arryn Robbins ◽  
Alexis Lopez
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Search Performance ◽  
Hybrid Search ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Visual Span ◽  
Change Behavior ◽  
Fixation Probabilities ◽  
Study Participants

AbstractDomain-specific expertise changes the way people perceive, process, and remember information from that domain. This is often observed in visual domains involving skilled searches, such as athletics referees, or professional visual searchers (e.g., security and medical screeners). Although existing research has compared expert to novice performance in visual search, little work has directly documented how accumulating experiences change behavior. A longitudinal approach to studying visual search performance may permit a finer-grained understanding of experience-dependent changes in visual scanning, and the extent to which various cognitive processes are affected by experience. In this study, participants acquired experience by taking part in many experimental sessions over the course of an academic semester. Searchers looked for 20 categories of targets simultaneously (which appeared with unequal frequency), in displays with 0–3 targets present, while having their eye movements recorded. With experience, accuracy increased and response times decreased. Fixation probabilities and durations decreased with increasing experience, but saccade amplitudes and visual span increased. These findings suggest that the behavioral benefits endowed by expertise emerge from oculomotor behaviors that reflect enhanced reliance on memory to guide attention and the ability to process more of the visual field within individual fixations.

scholarly journals Profile of and risk factors for poststroke cognitive impairment in diverse ethnoregional groups

Neurology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 93 (24) ◽  
pp. e2257-e2271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica W. Lo ◽  
John D. Crawford ◽  
David W. Desmond ◽  
Olivier Godefroy ◽  
Hanna Jokinen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Neuropsychological Test ◽  
Cognitive Domain ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Individual Participant ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Domain Scores

ObjectiveTo address the variability in prevalence estimates and inconsistencies in potential risk factors for poststroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) using a standardized approach and individual participant data (IPD) from international cohorts in the Stroke and Cognition Consortium (STROKOG) consortium.MethodsWe harmonized data from 13 studies based in 8 countries. Neuropsychological test scores 2 to 6 months after stroke or TIA and appropriate normative data were used to calculate standardized cognitive domain scores. Domain-specific impairment was based on percentile cutoffs from normative groups, and associations between domain scores and risk factors were examined with 1-stage IPD meta-analysis.ResultsIn a combined sample of 3,146 participants admitted to hospital for stroke (97%) or TIA (3%), 44% were impaired in global cognition and 30% to 35% were impaired in individual domains 2 to 6 months after the index event. Diabetes mellitus and a history of stroke were strongly associated with poorer cognitive function after covariate adjustments; hypertension, smoking, and atrial fibrillation had weaker domain-specific associations. While there were no significant differences in domain impairment among ethnoracial groups, some interethnic differences were found in the effects of risk factors on cognition.ConclusionsThis study confirms the high prevalence of PSCI in diverse populations, highlights common risk factors, in particular diabetes mellitus, and points to ethnoracial differences that warrant attention in the development of prevention strategies.

scholarly journals The face module emerged in a deep convolutional neural network selectively deprived of face experience

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shan Xu ◽  
Yiyuan Zhang ◽  
Zonglei Zhen ◽  
Jia Liu
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Convolutional Neural Network ◽  
Deep Convolutional Neural Network ◽  
Domain Specificity ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Specific Experience ◽  
Face Categorization ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Brain

AbstractCan we recognize faces with zero experience on faces? This question is critical because it examines the role of experiences in the formation of domain-specific modules in the brain. Investigation with humans and non-human animals on this issue cannot easily dissociate the effect of the visual experience from that of the hardwired domain-specificity. Therefore the present study built a model of selective deprivation of the experience on faces with a representative deep convolutional neural network, AlexNet, by removing all images containing faces from its training stimuli. This model did not show significant deficits in face categorization and discrimination, and face-selective modules automatically emerged. However, the deprivation reduced the domain-specificity of the face module. In sum, our study provides undisputable evidence on the role of nature versus nurture in developing the domain-specific modules that domain-specificity may evolve from non-specific experience without genetic predisposition, and is further fine-tuned by domain-specific experience.

scholarly journals Financial burden reportedly impact quality of life among Lymphatic Filariasis Pathology Patients in Ghana

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Opoku Asiedu ◽  
Emmanuel Kobla Atsu Amewu ◽  
Priscilla Kini ◽  
Bill Clinton Aglomasa ◽  
John Boulard Forkuor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Lymphatic Filariasis ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
P Value ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Financial Condition ◽  
Severity Of The Disease ◽  
Study Participants

Abstract BackgroundHuman lymphatic filarial pathology is the main cause of disability and poverty among people living with the infection. The second goal of the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF) is to manage the morbidity associated with the disease with the purpose of improving the quality of life of the patients. Consequently, the current study assessed the overall quality of life of lymphatic filariasis (LF) pathology patients in some selected endemic communities in rural Ghana.MethodIn the present study, the Lymphatic Filariasis Quality of Life Questionnaires (LFSQQ) was used to evaluate the effect of lymphatic filariasis on the quality of life of people with the disease in ten (10) communities in the Ahanta West District of the Western Region of Ghana where, mass drug administration is being implemented for the past twenty years.ResultsOf the 155 study participants recruited, 115 (74.19%) were females and 40 (25.81%) males. A greater proportion of the study participants (40, 25.8%) were presented with stage two (2) lymphedema while only 2 patients had stage seven (7) lymphedema. The average of the overall quality of life scores of study participants was 68.24. There was a negative Pearson correlation (r = -0.504, p-value < 0.0001) between the stage of lymphedema (severity of the disease) and the quality of life of the LF patients. In addition, a clear pattern of positive correlation (r = 0.71, p-value < 0.001) was observed between the disease burden and pain/discomfort domains of the study participants. Whereas, the highest domain specific score (85.03) was observed in the domain of self-care, we noted that the environmental domain, which consist of the financial status was the lowest (45.94) among the study participants.ConclusionOur findings support previous works on the reduced quality of life among lymphatic filariasis patients with pathology. In this study, our results reveal a depressing financial condition among people presenting with late stages of LF pathologies, which eventually reduces their wellbeing.

Affect Heuristic with “Good-Bad” Criterion and Linguistic Representation in Risk Judgments

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shoji Tsuchida ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Smoking ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Mail Survey ◽  
University Graduates ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Linguistic Representation ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Affect Heuristic ◽  
Risk Judgment ◽  
Risk Judgments

Rational and normative risk judgments are made based on information on a risk object’s advantages and disadvantages, although many studies show that everyday heuristic risk judgment tends to be made based on limited information. I focused on the fact that affective heuristic (Slovic et al., 2004), one of the heuristic risk judgments, was affective judgment under “good-bad” criterion due to a trade-off in the perception of dangers and benefits, and showed by a social survey that female undergraduates in Japan and Eastern and Western Europe used the affect heuristic for various risk objects. In other words, an analysis of survey results on risk types perceived by female undergraduates inOsaka, London, Ljubljana, and Budapest showed that risk objects such as automobile driving, airplane travel, nuclear power plant, extremist group, and tobacco smoking were perceived as high-risk and low-return (Type 2) or low-risk and high-return (Type 3) [Study 1]. According to a tobacco smoking linguistic representation mail survey among university graduates of 24 to 71 years old in Japan, nonsmokers had relatively many adjectival and verbal linguistic representatives for tobacco smoking. This shows that affective risk judgment with a “good-bad” criterion was made by persons who perceived the risk object useless and the risk was taken involuntarily. [Study 2].

The Effect of Negative Media Exposure and Evaluators’ Attitudes Toward Offenders on Violence Risk Assessment with the HCR-20V3

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Kamorowski ◽  
Corine de Ruiter ◽  
Maartje Schreuder ◽  
Marko Jelicic ◽  
Karl Ask
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Risk Management ◽  
Assessment Instruments ◽  
Violence Risk ◽  
Pretrial Publicity ◽  
Risk Judgment ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Scale Scores ◽  
Biasing Effects ◽  
Risk Judgments

Structured risk assessment instruments (SRAIs), such as the Historical Clinical Risk Management (HCR-20V3) are increasingly used to inform criminal justice decision-making, highlighting the significance of examining the potential for bias when using these measures and effective strategies to mitigate it. In this experimental study, we examined the possible biasing effects of (1) negative pretrial publicity (PTP) about a person who committed a double homicide and (2) evaluators’ attitudes toward offenders, on scale scores and final risk judgments of the HCR-20V3. Participants (N = 54) included graduate students, clinicians, and researchers who had been trained to complete the HCR-20. Contrary to expectation, negative PTP exhibited no effects on the HCR-20 total scores, subscale scores, or final risk judgments. In line with our hypothesis, more positive attitudes toward offenders were predictive of lower HCR-20 total scores and lower ratings on the Clinical and Risk Management subscales and final risk judgment of imminent violence. These findings add to a growing body of research indicating forensic risk evaluations conducted using SRAIs are not immune to the effects of some types of bias.

scholarly journals What We Could Learn About Holistic Face Processing Only From Nonface Objects

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 419-425
Author(s):  
Isabel Gauthier
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Face Processing ◽  
Holistic Processing ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Specific Experience ◽  
Holistic Face Processing

Holistic processing is inferred from a number of effects, many of which suggest that people generally find it difficult to process face parts independently. The study of holistic processing using faces has revealed many failures of convergence across different measures, as well as very poor reliability. New tasks designed for individual-differences measurement of holistic processing are more reliable. But other challenges to the study of individual differences in holistic processing require a different approach, in particular the use of nonface objects. Observers’ experiences with faces may be so extensive that it cannot be quantified. In addition, it is difficult to manipulate experience with faces to study causes and mechanisms underlying holistic effects. Recent work has combined an individual-differences approach with a parametric manipulation of experience to reveal that holistic processing arises from domain-specific experience. Other work has revealed that learned attention to parts is sufficient to result in holistic processing, consistent with a mechanism rooted in category-specific learned attention.

scholarly journals Should I judge safety or danger? Perceived risk depends on the question frame

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Benjamin Stephensen ◽  
Christin Schulze ◽  
Markus Landrø ◽  
Jordy Hendrikx ◽  
Audun Hetland
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Behavior Intention ◽  
Risk Judgment ◽  
Positive Assessment ◽  
Information Sampling ◽  
Natural Characteristic ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Risk Judgments

Linguistic polarity is a natural characteristic of judgments: Is that situation safe/dangerous? How difficult/easy was the task? Is that politician honest/dishonest? Across six studies (N = 1599), we tested how the qualitative frame of the question eliciting a risk judgment influenced risk perception and behavior intention. Using a series of hypothetical scenarios of skiing in avalanche terrain, experienced backcountry skiers judged either how safe or how dangerous each scenario was and indicated whether they would ski the scenario. Phrasing risk judgments in terms of safety elicited lower judged safety values, which in turn resulted in a lower likelihood of intending to ski the slope. The frame “safe” did not evoke a more positive assessment than the frame “danger” as might be expected under a valence-consistent or communication-driven framing effect. This seemingly paradoxical direction of the effect suggests that the question frame directed attention in a way that guided selective information sampling. Uncertainty was not required for this effect as it was observed when judging objectively safe, uncertain, and dangerous scenarios. These findings advance our theoretical understanding of framing effects and can inform the development of practices that harness question framing for applied risk perception and communication.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document