Affect Heuristic with “Good-Bad” Criterion and Linguistic Representation in Risk Judgments

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shoji Tsuchida ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Smoking ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Mail Survey ◽  
University Graduates ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Linguistic Representation ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Affect Heuristic ◽  
Risk Judgment ◽  
Risk Judgments

Rational and normative risk judgments are made based on information on a risk object’s advantages and disadvantages, although many studies show that everyday heuristic risk judgment tends to be made based on limited information. I focused on the fact that affective heuristic (Slovic et al., 2004), one of the heuristic risk judgments, was affective judgment under “good-bad” criterion due to a trade-off in the perception of dangers and benefits, and showed by a social survey that female undergraduates in Japan and Eastern and Western Europe used the affect heuristic for various risk objects. In other words, an analysis of survey results on risk types perceived by female undergraduates inOsaka, London, Ljubljana, and Budapest showed that risk objects such as automobile driving, airplane travel, nuclear power plant, extremist group, and tobacco smoking were perceived as high-risk and low-return (Type 2) or low-risk and high-return (Type 3) [Study 1]. According to a tobacco smoking linguistic representation mail survey among university graduates of 24 to 71 years old in Japan, nonsmokers had relatively many adjectival and verbal linguistic representatives for tobacco smoking. This shows that affective risk judgment with a “good-bad” criterion was made by persons who perceived the risk object useless and the risk was taken involuntarily. [Study 2].

Recent Patents on Valve Mechanism Device

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 230-241
Author(s):  
Ye Dai ◽  
Hui-Bing Zhang ◽  
Yun-Shan Qi
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Nuclear Power Plants ◽  
Flow Direction ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Valve Mechanism ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Valve Structure ◽  
Valve Leakage ◽  
Safety And Reliability

Background: Valves are an important part of nuclear power plants and are the control equipment used in nuclear power plants. It can change the cross-section of the passage and the flow direction of the medium and has the functions of diversion, cutoff, overflow, and the like. Due to the earthquake, the valve leaks, which will cause a major nuclear accident, endangering people's lives and safety. Objective: The purpose of this study is to synthesize the existing valve devices, summarize and analyze the advantages and disadvantages of various devices from many literatures and patents, and solve some problems of existing valves. Methods: This article summarizes various patents of nuclear-grade valve devices and recent research progress. From the valve structure device, transmission device, a detection device, and finally to the valve test, the advantages and disadvantages of the valve are comprehensively analyzed. Results: By summarizing the characteristics of a large number of valve devices, and analyzing some problems existing in the valves, the outlook for the research and design of nuclear power valves was made, and the planning of the national nuclear power strategic goals and energy security were planned. Conclusion: Valve damage can cause serious safety accidents. The most common is valve leakage. Therefore, the safety and reliability of valves must be taken seriously. By improving the transmission of the valve, the problems of complicated valve structure and high cost are solved.

scholarly journals Human Reliability Studies With Microworld Simulators

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 1829-1833 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald Boring ◽  
Thomas Ulrich ◽  
Roger Lew ◽  
Martin Rasmussen Skogstad
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Nuclear Power Plant ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Human Error ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Human Reliability ◽  
Reliability Data ◽  
Experimental Control ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages

The authors have recently developed a microworld, a simplified process control simulator, to simulate a nuclear power plant. The microworld provides an environment that can be readily manipulated to gather data using a range of participants, from students to fully qualified operators. Because the microworld represents a simplified domain, it is possible to have more precise experimental control compared with the complex and confounding environment afforded by a full-scope simulator. In this paper, we discuss collecting human reliability data from a microworld. We review the generalizability of human error data from the microworld compared to other data sources like full-scope simulator studies and compare advantages and disadvantages of microworld simulator studies to support human reliability data collection needs.

Site Remediation Techniques in India: A Review

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anomitra Banerjee ◽  
Miller Jothi
Keyword(s):  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Fuel Cycle ◽  
Nuclear Fuel Cycle ◽  
Environmental Waters ◽  
Site Remediation ◽  
Research Reactors ◽  
Hazardous Waste Sites ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Fuel Reprocessing

India is one of the developing countries operating site remediation techniques for the entire nuclear fuel cycle waste for the last three decades. In this paper we intend to provide an overview of remediation methods currently utilized at various hazardous waste sites in India, their advantages and disadvantages. Over the years the site remediation techniques have been well characterized and different processes for treatment, conditioning and disposal are being practiced. Remediation Methods categorized as biological, chemical or physical are summarized for contaminated soils and environmental waters. This paper covers the site remediation techniques implemented for treatment and conditioning of wastelands arising from the operation of nuclear power plant, research reactors and fuel reprocessing units.

Fault Diagnosis of Nuclear Power Equipment Based on HMM-SVM and Database Development

2010 ◽  
Vol 139-141 ◽  
pp. 2532-2536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hou Yao Zhu ◽  
Chun Liang Zhang ◽  
Xia Yue
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Power ◽  
System Development ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Classification Problems ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Good Ability ◽  
Svm Model ◽  
Vector Machines ◽  
Timing Pattern

This paper mainly introduced the basic theory of Hidden Markov Model (HMM) and Support Vector Machines (SVM). HMM has strong capability of handling dynamic process of time series and the timing pattern classification, particularly for the analysis of non-stationary, poor reproducibility signals. It has good ability to learn and re-learn and high adaptability. SVM has strong generalization ability of small samples, which is suitable for handling classification problems, to a greater extent, reflecting the differences between categories. Based on the advantages and disadvantages between the two models, this paper presented a hybrid model of HMM-SVM. Experiments showed that the HMM-SVM model was more effective and more accurate than the two single separate models. The paper also explored the application of its database system development, which could help the managers to get and handle the data quickly and effectively.

scholarly journals International cooperation in the sphere of peaceful uses of nuclear energy as a resolution of energy supply and nuclear proliferation problems

2009 ◽  
pp. 163-174
Author(s):  
M. V. Zharkih
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
International Cooperation ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Nuclear Energy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fuel Cycle ◽  
Nuclear Proliferation ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Us ◽  
Made In

Comparative analysis of the Russian and the US initiatives. The article gives an outline of such a promising branch of international cooperation as cooperation in the sphere of peaceful uses of nuclear energy, in particularly its multilateral aspects – initiatives of States based on the multilateral principle of uses of nuclear power. The comparative analysis of the two large-scale initiatives in the field ofmultilateral approaches to the nuclear fuel cycle – these are the Russian initiative on the development of the Global infrastructure of nuclear energy and the American Global nuclear energy partnership –made in the article discloses the main principles of work of the abovementioned mechanisms of interaction as well as their advantages and disadvantages. The goal of such an analysis is to figure out which one has a greater potential for international security and future development of the nuclear energy sector.

scholarly journals Comparison of Single Doppler and Multiple Doppler Wind Retrievals in Hurricane Matthew (2016)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting-Yu Cha ◽  
Michael M. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Cyclone ◽  
Wind Field ◽  
Doppler Radar ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Airborne Radar ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Fourier Decomposition ◽  
Wind Retrieval ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Doppler Analysis

Abstract. Hurricane Matthew (2016) was observed by the NEXRAD KAMX polarimetric radar and NOAA P-3 airborne radar near the coast of the southeastern United States for several hours, providing a novel opportunity to evaluate and compare single and multiple Doppler wind retrieval techniques for tropical cyclone flows. The generalized velocity track display (GVTD) technique can retrieve a subset of the wind field from a single ground-based Doppler radar under the assumption of nearly axisymmetric rotational wind, but is shown to have errors from aliasing of unresolved wind components. An improved technique that mitigates errors due to storm motion is derived in this study, although some spatial aliasing remains due to limited information content from the single Doppler measurements. A spline-based variational wind retrieval technique called SAMURAI can retrieve the full three-dimensional wind field from airborne radar fore-aft pseudo-dual Doppler scanning, but is shown to have errors due to temporal aliasing from the non-simultaneous Doppler measurements. A comparison between the two techniques shows that the axisymmetric tangential winds are generally comparable between the two techniques after the improvements to GVTD retrievals. Fourier decomposition of asymmetric kinematic and convective structure shows more discrepancies due to spatial and temporal aliasing in the retrievals. The advantages and disadvantages of each technique for studying tropical cyclone structure are discussed, and suggest that complementary information can be retrieved from both single and multiple Doppler retrievals. Future improvements to the asymmetric flow assumptions in single Doppler analysis and steady-state assumptions in pseudo-dual Doppler analysis are required to reconcile differences in retrieved tropical cyclone structure.

scholarly journals Confidence in complex risk judgments: the roles of uncertainty, experience, and affect

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Benjamin Stephensen ◽  
Torsten Martiny-Huenger ◽  
Christin Schulze
Keyword(s):  
Domain Specific ◽  
Affective Evaluation ◽  
Specific Experience ◽  
Risk Judgment ◽  
Individual Participant ◽  
Decision Environment ◽  
Judgment Process ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Risk Judgments ◽  
Avalanche Risk

Disagreement persists about the origin of confidence and the internal signals that influence its formation. Using combined individual participant data from four studies (N = 181), we examined confidence in relation to the perceived source of uncertainty for a risk judgment and explored the roles of domain-specific experience and affective evaluations in the formation of confidence. In each study, participants with domain-specific experience (backcountry skiers) performed complex risk judgments (judging avalanche risk) for multiple highly uncertain contexts (hypothetical scenarios in avalanche terrain). We examined whether more experienced participants could better recognize the inherent uncertainty of the decision environment, and if they did so with greater confidence. For complex tasks such as judging avalanche risk, experience should increase a person’s understanding of the probabilistic, unpredictable nature of that environment. Yet our findings suggests that participants of all levels of experience attributed uncertainty to their own judgment process rather than to the limitations and inherent uncertainty of the environment. We also examined whether participants’ affective evaluations influenced confidence in their risk judgments. Affective evaluations are understood to play a crucial orienting role in the risk judgment process. We found evidence of an interplay between affective and cognitive judgments in the formation of confidence. Participants were more confident when their affective evaluation matched their risk judgment, and less confident when there was a mismatch between the two. Our research illustrates a troubling limitation in the development of confidence with experience and the potential (dis)advantageous effect of affective evaluations on confidence in certain contexts.

Safety Assessment Principles Applied to Small Modular Reactors

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil F. Harman ◽  
Guy S. Anderson ◽  
John N. Lillington ◽  
Russ V. Booler
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Safety Assessment ◽  
Nuclear Industry ◽  
Regulatory Regime ◽  
Design Assessment ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
General Terms ◽  
Small Modular Reactors ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

Much of the attention on small modular reactors (SMRs) has to date been focused on the technology or novel applications, however, this paper tries to set out some thoughts on some of the other issues, or “externalities” within which any SMR proposal must be brought to market. The Paper outlines the UK regulatory regime highlighting differences from that in the US. Regulation in the UK is based on Safety Assessment Principles rather than a prescriptive set of requirements; the amenability of such a regime to assessing novel reactor designs and applications is discussed in general terms. The Paper summarizes the licensing arrangement for nuclear facilities used by the UK nuclear regulator. It goes on to summarize the recent Generic Design Assessment (GDA) programme for new build in the UK in which Serco has been heavily involved. The Safety Assessment Principles reach further than just into the technicalities of engineering design. Two particular areas of interest are picked out: the availability of qualified and experienced personnel and the impact on plant as a result of grid and transmission system issues. With regard to the first of these, in the early days of nuclear power, the UK considered many different reactor designs including gas cooled reactors, fast reactors, heavy water reactors, high temperature reactors and later a small reactor design — the SIR (Safe Integral Reactor) — although this was never built; these are briefly described highlighting any similarities to current proposed small reactor designs and concepts and discussing any lessons that could be learned. Staff in Serco have been involved with all these developments as well as undertaking research in Generation IV concepts. To begin to address the impact on the plant from its interface with the external electricity grid system, the Paper discusses the energy market in the UK (one of the most deregulated), the state of the nuclear industry, the current political landscape as far as nuclear power is concerned, and the prospects for deploying small modular reactors in the UK. It then considers the implications of the European Union’s challenge to decarbonize electricity supply by 2050. Finally, the Paper considers other pertinent issues associated with small reactor concepts and the Safety Assessment Principles. It discusses some of the issues around inspection, given that many of the small reactor concepts are based on underground reactors. Given the smaller size of SMRs, the opportunities for association with novel non-power generating applications are greater than for conventional plant. Some differences associated with these proposals, compared to traditional nuclear power generation, are examined. The paper then also discusses the advantages and disadvantages, as far as safety is concerned, of a farm of small modular reactors compared with a single large reactor.

scholarly journals Response Bias in a Mail Survey: An Example from a Land Use Study

1980 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-96
Author(s):  
Gregory K. White
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Mail Survey ◽  
Response Rates ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Mail Surveys ◽  
The University

Researchers are well aware that each technique for administering surveys has its own advantages and disadvantages. Direct interviews, either by telephone or in person, have a relatively high cost per contact but usually result in a higher percentage of questionnaire completions and greater control of the response quality. Mail surveys can be conducted at a lower per unit cost but are often characterized by lower response rates and an overall poorer quality of completed questionnaires. Even with follow-up mailings, recent studies at the University of Maine suggest that response rates of 35 to 45 percent can be expected on general land use surveys or recreation studies.

Standard Analysis and Tool-Based Assessment Technique of NPP I&C Systems Diversity

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vyacheslav S. Kharchenko ◽  
Olexandr A. Siora ◽  
Vyacheslav I. Duzhyi ◽  
Dmytro O. Rusin
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Tool Support ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Reliability Models ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Diversity Assessment ◽  
Safety Case ◽  
Technical Solutions ◽  
Technical Basis ◽  
And Control

Diversity is the general approach used for decreasing common cause failure (CCF) risks of instrumentation and control (I&C) systems. Differences in equipment, development and verification technologies, implemented functions, etc. can mitigate the potential for common faults. Diversity and defense-in-depth (D3) is the required attribute of Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) I&C systems important for safety. One of the key theoretical and practical problems is diversity estimation and optimization of used version redundancy capacity. Existing NUREG guidelines published in reports CR-7007 and CR-6303 present the technical basis for establishing acceptable mitigating strategies that resolve D3 assessment findings. These approaches work in the terms of diversity attributes and associated criteria aimed at the potential for CCF vulnerabilities and make possible to choose I&C system architecture based on combinations of diversity criteria. But they do not provide measures (diversity indexes or metrics) to calculate reliability of such system in the context of CCF. In the report some other techniques for diversity assessment are analyzed, as well as advantages and disadvantages of these techniques in comprising with NUREG-based method are described. Possibilities of their joint applications and tool support are considered. The combined use of reliability models, diversity metrics and reliability indexes of system components allows enhancement of estimation sensitivity, making sufficiency criteria for diversity and redundancy more concrete and choice of technical solutions more informed and confident at the early stages of NPP I&C system design. The problems for future research are stated as creation of Safety-Case-oriented techniques and tools for multi-version NPP I&C systems assessment.

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