scholarly journals A rational account of the repulsion effect

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahul Bhui ◽  
Yang Xiang
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Science ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Similar Process ◽  
Perceptual Decision Making ◽  
Key Drivers ◽  
Multiple Domains ◽  
Available Information ◽  
True Values ◽  
Repulsion Effect ◽  
Shed Light

The attraction effect occurs when the presence of an inferior option (the decoy) increases the attractiveness of the option that dominates it (the target). Despite its prominence in behavioral science, recent evidence points to the puzzling existence of the opposite phenomenon—a repulsion effect. In this paper, we formally develop and experimentally test a normative account of the repulsion effect. Our theory is based on the idea that the true values of options are uncertain and must be inferred from available information, which includes the properties of other options. A low-value decoy can signal that the target also has low value when both are believed to be generated by a similar process. We formalize this logic using a hierarchical Bayesian cognitive model that makes predictions about how the strength of the repulsion effect should vary with statistical properties of the decision problem. This theory may help account for several documented phenomena linked to the repulsion effect across both economic and perceptual decision making, as well as new experimental data. Our results shed light on the key drivers of context-dependent judgment across multiple domains and sharpen our understanding of when decoys can be detrimental.

The Factor Structure of Medical Tourist Satisfaction: Exploring Key Drivers of Choice, Delight, and Frustration

2021 ◽  
pp. 109634802098727
Author(s):  
Josip Mikulić ◽  
Damir Krešić ◽  
Maja Šerić
Keyword(s):  
Medical Tourism ◽  
The Other ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Tourist Satisfaction ◽  
Tourism Experience ◽  
Key Drivers ◽  
The One ◽  
Medical Tourist ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Three Factor

The current study intends to contribute to a better understanding of the medical tourism experience. In particular, this study uses data from a survey-based study conducted on a sample of 1,209 medical tourists in Croatia. On the one hand, this study aims to explore and shed light on the decision-making process of medical tourists, and, on the other hand, to reveal which elements of both the medical institution and the destination where it is located, have largest potentials to drive medical tourist delight and/or frustration, in accordance with the three-factor theory of customer satisfaction.

scholarly journals When Consent Doesn't Work: A Rights-Based Case for Limits to Consent's Capacity to Legitimise

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Hyams
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
Corrective Justice ◽  
Mental Competence ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Shed Light

AbstractConsent's capacity to legitimise actions and claims is limited by conditions such as coercion, which render consent ineffective. A better understanding of the limits to consent's capacity to legitimise can shed light on a variety of applied debates, in political philosophy, bioethics, economics and law. I show that traditional paternalist explanations for limits to consent's capacity to legitimise cannot explain the central intuition that consent is often rendered ineffective when brought about by a rights violation or threatened rights violation. I argue that this intuition is an expression of the same principles of corrective justice that underlie norms of compensation and rectification. I show how these principles can explain and clarify core intuitions about conditions which render consent ineffective, including those concerned with the consenting agent's option set, his mental competence, and available information.

When the Good Looks Bad: An Experimental Exploration of the Repulsion Effect

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 1309-1320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhail S. Spektor ◽  
David Kellen ◽  
Jared M. Hotaling
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Stimulus Display ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Perceptual Decision Making ◽  
Perceptual Decision ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Stimulus Design ◽  
Attribute Space ◽  
Repulsion Effect

When people are choosing among different options, context seems to play a vital role. For instance, adding a third option can increase the probability of choosing a similar dominating option. This attraction effect is one of the most widely studied phenomena in decision-making research. Its prevalence, however, has been challenged recently by the tainting hypothesis, according to which the inferior option contaminates the attribute space in which it is located, leading to a repulsion effect. In an attempt to test the tainting hypothesis and explore the conditions under which dominated options make dominating options look bad, we conducted four preregistered perceptual decision-making studies with a total of 301 participants. We identified two factors influencing individuals’ behavior: stimulus display and stimulus design. Our results contribute to a growing body of literature showing how presentation format influences behavior in preferential and perceptual decision-making tasks.

scholarly journals Diversity in the relationship between low and upland society in mountainous Southeast Asia

Impact ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (3) ◽  
pp. 61-63
Author(s):  
Shinsuke Tomita
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Political Power ◽  
Agricultural Productivity ◽  
Associate Professor ◽  
Rice Farming ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Key Drivers ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Shed Light

The mountainous areas of mainland Southeast Asia have been an area of interest for researchers for decades. The mountains are located in a region that stretches out to the southern and western parts of China and encompasses different ethnic groups, forming a unique political, historical, social and cultural space. Associate Professor Shinsuke Tomita, Asian Satellite Campuses Institute, Nagoya University, Japan, is exploring the relationship between lowland and upland society in mountainous Southeast Asia, as well as investigating how agricultural productivity can be understood in the context of culture and society. In previous studies, researchers have surmised that interactions between the two societies are one of the key drivers behind the region's formation. An example of this is wet rice farming, which is regarded as the source of political power of the chieftains of the region due to its higher agricultural productivity. As such, researchers have been prompted to better understand the political power derived from wet rice farming and rethink lowland and upland relationships. From a case study in northern Laos, Tomita and the team shed light on relationships that cannot be explained by agricultural productivity. The researchers have also unearthed interesting findings relating to the power of the chieftain, including that the wet rice fields owned by the chieftain are not necessarily larger than other villagers and the power of the chieftain is likely unstable.

Sensing Cities and Getting Smarter

2019 ◽  
pp. 35-71
Keyword(s):  
Smart Cities ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Human Sensing ◽  
Multiple Domains ◽  
The City ◽  
The Internet Of Things ◽  
Shed Light

This chapter explores awareness in relation to sensing and smartness in the city enabled through aware people and aware technologies, including the internet of things (IoT), the internet of people (IoP), and the internet of experiences (IoE). The main aim of this chapter is to shed light on where intelligence resides in the city and what constitutes and contributes to sensing and making cities smarter in relation to evolving notions of urbanity. The research literature for awareness, sensing, sensors, the IoT, the IoP, and the IoE is explored in this chapter in the context of urbanity and smart cities, enabling identification of issues, controversies, and problems. Using an exploratory case study approach, solutions and recommendations are advanced. This chapter makes a contribution to 1) research and practice across multiple domains including the IoT, the IoP, and IoE and 2) emerging thinking on human sensing and associated behaviors in smart cities.

TCP transcription factors: architectures of plant form

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nora G. Uberti Manassero ◽  
Ivana L. Viola ◽  
Elina Welchen ◽  
Daniel H. Gonzalez
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Plant Development ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Hormone Responses ◽  
Plant Form ◽  
Developmental Responses ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Dna Complex ◽  
Shed Light

AbstractAfter its initial definition in 1999, the TCP family of transcription factors has become the focus of a multiplicity of studies related with plant development at the cellular, organ, and tissue levels. Evidence has accumulated indicating that TCP transcription factors are the main regulators of plant form and architecture and constitute a tool through which evolution shapes plant diversity. The TCP transcription factors act in a multiplicity of pathways related with cell proliferation and hormone responses. In recent years, the molecular pathways of TCP protein action and biochemical studies on their mode of interaction with DNA have begun to shed light on their mechanism of action. However, the available information is fragmented and a unifying view of TCP protein action is lacking, as well as detailed structural studies of the TCP-DNA complex. Also important, the possible role of TCP proteins as integrators of plant developmental responses to the environment has deserved little attention. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the structure and functions of TCP transcription factors and analyze future perspectives for the study of the role of these proteins and their use to modify plant development.

scholarly journals THE REGIME SHIFTS DATABASE: A FRAMEWORK FOR ANALYZING REGIME SHIFTS IN SOCIAL-ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reinette Oonsie Biggs ◽  
Garry D Peterson ◽  
Juan Carlos Carlos Rocha
Keyword(s):  
Regime Shifts ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Management Planning ◽  
Social Ecological Systems ◽  
Social Ecological ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Open Access Database ◽  
Key Drivers ◽  
Ecological Feedbacks ◽  
Available Information

This paper presents the Regime Shifts Database (RSDB), a new online, open-access database that uses a novel consistent framework to systematically analyze regime shifts based on their impacts, key drivers, underlying feedbacks, and management options. The database currently contains 27 generic types of regime shifts, and over 300 specific case studies of a variety of regime shifts. These regime shifts occur across diverse types of systems and are driven by many different types of processes. Besides impacting provisioning and regulating services, our work shows that regime shifts substantially impact cultural and aesthetic ecosystem services. We found that social-ecological feedbacks are difficult to characterize and more work is needed to develop new tools and approaches to better understand social-ecological regime shifts. We hope that the database will stimulate further research on regime shifts and make available information that can be used in management, planning and assessment.

scholarly journals Simulating Spanish-English Code-Switching: El Modelo Está Generating Code-Switches

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chara Tsoukala ◽  
Stefan L. Frank ◽  
Antal van den Bosch ◽  
Jorge Valdés Kroff ◽  
Mirjam Broersma
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Cognitive Modeling ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Sentence Production ◽  
Path Model ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Computational Cognitive Modeling ◽  
Possible Cause ◽  
Shed Light

Multilingual speakers are able to switch from one language to the other ("code-switch'') between or within sentences. Because the underlying cognitive mechanisms are not well understood, in this study we use computational cognitive modeling to shed light on the process of code-switching.We employed the Bilingual Dual-path model, a Recurrent Neural Network of bilingual sentence production Tsoukala et al. (2017) and simulated sentence production in simultaneous Spanish-English bilinguals. Our first goal was to investigate whether the model would code-switch without being exposed to code-switched training input.The model indeed produced code-switches even without any exposure to such input and the patterns of code-switches are in line with earlier linguistic work Poplack (1980). The second goal of this study was to investigate an auxiliary phrase asymmetry that exists in Spanish-English code-switched production. Using this cognitive model, we examined a possible cause for this asymmetry. To our knowledge, this is the first computational cognitive model that aims to simulate code-switched sentence production.

scholarly journals When uncertain, does human self-motion decision-making fully utilize complete information?

2018 ◽  
Vol 119 (4) ◽  
pp. 1485-1496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torin K. Clark ◽  
Yongwoo Yi ◽  
Raquel C. Galvan-Garza ◽  
María Carolina Bermúdez Rey ◽  
Daniel M. Merfeld
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Signal Detection ◽  
Signal Detection Theory ◽  
Complete Information ◽  
Detection Theory ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
Perceptual Decision Making ◽  
Perceptual Decision ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Self Motion

When forced to choose humans often feel uncertain. Investigations of human perceptual decision-making often employ signal detection theory, which assumes that even when uncertain all available information is fully utilized. However, other studies have suggested or assumed that, when uncertain, human subjects guess totally at random, ignoring available information. When uncertain, do humans simply guess totally at random? Or do humans fully utilize complete information? Or does behavior fall between these two extremes yielding “above chance” performance without fully utilizing complete information? While it is often assumed complete information is fully utilized, even when uncertain, to our knowledge this has never been experimentally confirmed. To answer this question, we combined numerical simulations, theoretical analyses, and human studies performed using a self-motion direction-recognition perceptual decision-making task (did I rotate left or right?). Subjects were instructed to make forced-choice binary (left/right) and trinary (left/right/uncertain) decisions when cued following each stimulus. Our results show that humans 1) do not guess at random when uncertain and 2) make binary and trinary decisions equally well. These findings show that humans fully utilize complete information when uncertain for our perceptual decision-making task. This helps unify signal detection theory and other models of forced-choice decision-making which allow for uncertain responses. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Humans make many perceptual decisions every day. But what if we are uncertain? While many studies assume that humans fully utilize complete information, other studies have suggested and/or assumed that when we're uncertain and forced to decide, information is not fully utilized. While humans tend to perform above chance when uncertain, no earlier study has tested whether available information is fully utilized. Our results show that humans make fully informed decisions even when uncertain.

scholarly journals Ecological and economic modeling in agromeliorative agriculture in order to adapt agriculture to transitive crises

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-47
Author(s):  
S. E. Schitov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Complex Systems ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Weighted Graph ◽  
Conduct Problem ◽  
Economic Modeling ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Industry Development ◽  
Available Information ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this study is to develop a model that allows us to build formalized forecasts of the agro-reclamation industry development in the transitive space of its variables based on available information about the structure and patterns of elements interaction of this complex system. The basis for the devel-opment of the model in the study of conduct problem-oriented complex systems has become a cognitive approach, which allows representing the structure of any geosystems, including approaches to identify causal relationships between its elements and also to predict trends in the further development of the sys-tem. The cognitive approach in the study of complex systems involves solving an interconnected set of tasks of system analysis, such as identifying the object and the socio-economic environment in the form of a cognitive model, analyzing the cycles and directions of the cognitive model, analyzing controllability, stability, sensitivity, adaptability, scenario analysis, etc. Composed cognitive map representing a directed, weighted graph, where the vertices correspond to factors of the system, and the arcs — relationships be-tween them: G = <V, E>, where G is a weighted digraph, V is the set of vi vertices, which are factors of the system, E is the set of eij arcs, which reflect the relationship between the vertices i,j = 1, 2, ... k. The use of sign graphs device made it possible to create a model of formalized forecasts of the agro-reclamation industry development in a transitive space.

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