On Anatomical Enumeration and Difference in Early Sanskrit Medical Literature

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-276
Author(s):  
Martha Ann Selby

Abstract What does it mean to inventory all the components of the human body, and what do those inventories tell us about medical ideas and practice? I compare the lists of body parts in the śārīra-sthānas (sections relating to the body) of the Caraka-saṃhitā (ca. first century CE) and the Suśruta-saṃhitā (ca. second century CE). Rather than provide a detailed list of differences, I contemplate what these differences “mean” in terms of counting as a practice and of how we might think about these two texts as articulations of the concerns of the “theorist-physicians” of the Caraka-saṃhitā and the “anatomist-surgeons” of the Suśruta-saṃhitā. How might a close comparative reading of these passages—an “emic” reading, if you will—shed light on medical practice in early India and its relationship with metaphysical concerns, issues of selfhood, sexual “difference,” and the problem of understanding what cannot be seen with the naked eye?

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kwan Tze-wan

AbstractIn the Shuowen, one of the earliest comprehensive character dictionaries of ancient China, when discussing where the Chinese characters derive their structural components, Xu Shen proposed the dual constitutive principle of “adopting proximally from the human body, and distally from things around.” This dual emphasis of “body” and “things around” corresponds largely to the phenomenological issues of body or corporeality on the one hand, and lifeworld on the other. If we borrow Heidegger’s definition of Dasein as Being-in-the world, we can easily arrive at a reformulation of Xu Shen’s constitutive principle of the Chinese script as one that concerns “bodily Dasein.” By looking into various examples of script tokens we can further elaborate on how the Chinese make use not only of the body in general but various body parts, and how they differentiate their life world into material nature, living things, and a multifaceted world of equipment in forming a core basis of Chinese characters/components, upon which further symbolic manipulation such as “indication”, “phonetic borrowing”, semantic combination, and “annotative derivation”, etc. can be based. Finally, examples will be cited to show how in the Chinese scripts the human body (and its parts) might interact with other’s bodies (and their parts) or with “things around” (whether nature, living creatures, or artifacts) in various ways to cover the social, environmental, ritual, technical, economical, and even intellectual aspects of human experience. Bodily Dasein, so to speak, provides us with a new perspective of understanding and appreciating the entire scope of the Chinese script.


Author(s):  
Cristóbal Pera

ABSTRACTIf the human body is really a fabric, should surgeons be considered architects, as some surgeons describe themselves today? The author raises and analyzes this question, and he concludes that vsurgeons cannot be considered as such: the architect is the creator of his work —fabric or building—, but the surgeon is not the creator of this complex biological fabric —vulnerable and subject to deterioration and with an expiration date— which is the human body. This body is the object upon which his hands and instruments operate. The surgeon cures and heals wounds, immobilizes and aligns fractured bones in order to facilitate their good and timely repair, and cuts open the body’s surface in order to reach its internal organs. He also explores the body with his hands or instruments, destroys and reconstructs its ailing parts, substitutes vital organs taken from a donor’s foreign body, designs devices or prostheses, and replaces body parts, such as arteries and joints, that are damaged or worn out. In today’s culture, dominated by the desire to perfect the body, other surgeons keep retouching its aging façade, looking for an iconic and timeless beauty. This longing can drive, sometimes, to surgical madness. The surgeon is not capable of putting into motion, from scratch, a biological fabric such as the human body. Thus, he can’t create the subject of his work in the way that an architect can create a building. In contrast, the surgeon restores the body’s deteriorated or damaged parts and modifies the appearance of the body’s façade.RESUMEN¿Si el cuerpo humano fuera realmente una fábrica, podría el cirujano ser considerado su arquitecto, como algunos se pregonan en estos tiempos? Esta es la cuestión planteada por el autor y, a tenor de lo discurrido, su respuesta es negativa: porque así como el arquitecto es el artífice de su obra —fábrica o edificio— el cirujano no es el artífice de la complejísima fábrica biológica —vulnerable, deteriorable y caducable— que es el cuerpo humano, la cual le es dada como objeto de las acciones de sus manos y de sus instrumentos. El cirujano cura y restaña sus heridas, alinea e inmoviliza sus huesos fracturados para que su reparación llegue a buen término, penetra por sus orificios naturales o dibuja sobre la superficie corporal incisiones que le permitan llegar a sus entrañas, las explora con sus manos o mediante instrumentos, destruye y reconstruye sus partes enfermas, sustituye órganos vitales que no le ayudan a vivir por los extraídos de cuerpos donantes, y concibe, diseña y hace fabricar artefactos o prótesis, como recambio fragmentos corporales deteriorados o desgastados, como arterias o articulaciones. Otros cirujanos, en la predominante cultura de la modificación del cuerpo, retocan una y otra vez su fachada envejecida ineludiblemente por el paso del tiempo, empeñados en la búsqueda incesante de una belleza icónica y mediática e intemporal, una pretensión que puede conducir, y a veces conduce, al desvarío quirúrgico. En definitiva, el cirujano es incapaz de poner de pie, ex novo, una fábrica biológica como la del cuerpo humano y, por lo tanto, no puede ser su artífice, como lo es el arquitecto de su edificio. A lo sumo, es el restaurador de sus entrañas deterioradas y el modificador de su fachada, de su apariencia.


Author(s):  
Sara Heinämaa

The chapter clarifies Husserl’s phenomenological approach to embodiment by explicating his analytical concepts and his transcendental arguments concerning the constitution of living bodiliness (Leiblichkeit). The chapter argues that Husserlian phenomenology does not establish any simple opposition between naturalistic and phenomenological inquiries but instead offers a comprehensive account of the many senses of the body operative in human practices, including the practices of the sciences. The human body is given, not just as a material thing, but also as an instrument, as an agent, and an expressive stylistic whole. The second part of the chapter discusses recent applications of Husserlian philosophy of embodiment in the investigation of human plurality. By analyzing the exemplary phenomena of sexuality and sexual difference, the chapter demonstrates that the phenomenological concepts of style and stylistic unity can serve investigations into the diversity of human embodiment in its many forms.


Humanities ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
Alberto Tondello

In Agency and Embodiment, Carrie Noland describes gesture as “a type of inscription, a parsing of the body into signifying and operational units”, considering it as a means to read and decode the human body. Through an analysis of James Joyce’s collection of Epiphanies, my paper will examine how gesture, as a mode of expression of the body, can be transcribed on the written page. Written and collected to record a “spiritual manifestation” shining through “in the vulgarity of speech or gesture, or in a memorable phase of the mind itself”, Joyce’s Epiphanies can be considered as the first step in his sustained attempt to develop an art of gesture-as-rhythm. These short pieces appear as the site in which the author seeks, through the medium of writing, to negotiate and redefine the boundaries of the physical human body. Moving towards a mapping of body and mind through the concept of rhythm, and pointing to a collaboration and mutual influence between interiority and exteriority, the Epiphanies open up a space for the reformulation of the relationship between the human body and its environment. Unpacking the ideas that sit at the heart of the concept of epiphany, the paper will shed light on how this particular mode of writing produces a rhythmic art of gesture, fixing and simultaneously liberating human and nonhuman bodies on the written page.


Author(s):  
Youn Kim

Listening is generally discussed in connection with auditory perception, with the ear as the primary perceptual organ. Recently, however, more comprehensive approaches are being emphasized along with the need to understand listening in the context of cultural and historical changes. This chapter investigates the plasticity of the idea of listening, both across disciplines and across historical contexts. By engaging with various discourses on seeing, hearing, and kinesthetics in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the present chapter examines how a holistic conceptualization of listening that goes beyond the ear and functions in the context of the whole human body emerged and argues how understanding the past can shed light on the current understanding of music and the body.


2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radhika Rao

The legal status of the human body is hotly contested, yet the law of the body remains in a state of confusion and chaos. Sometimes the body is treated as an object of property, sometimes it is dealt with under the rubric of contract, and sometimes it is not conceived as property at all, but rather as the subject of privacy rights. Which body of law should become the law of the body? This question is even more pressing in the context of current biomedical research, which permits commodification and commercialization of the body by everyone except the person who provides the “raw materials.” The lack of property protection for tangible parts of the human body is in stark contrast to the extensive protection granted to intellectual property in the body in the form of patents upon human genes and cell lines. Moreover, even courts that reject ownership claims on the part of those who supply body parts appear willing to grant property rights to scientists, universities, and others who use those body parts to conduct research and create products.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Cordelia Mary Thomas

<p>Organ transplantation and biotechnological research depend on the availability of body parts, which necessitates the willing involvement of the public. The rapid development of biotechnology has led to a search for an adequate decision-making framework for the acquisition, retention and utilisation of body parts. It has also lead to disquiet about the commercialisation of research with the source being the only participant who is unable to benefit financially. In developing such a framework it is necessary to conceptualise the nature of the interest that individuals have in their bodies. The principle of autonomy may form a basis for structuring decision-making and weighing conflicting principles. As a society we value autonomy in the sense that a competent adult may make decisions about his or her own health care. The concept is that of an individual separated from others by a wall of rights. This may be of assistance as a basis for formulating competing rights, but this must then be mediated with reference to other principles. In this context this thesis applies the concepts of property interests to the human body. The purpose of this research is to consider selected bioethical issues in an attempt to formulate a principled approach to issues of consent and control over the body and its component parts. It argues that a living person should have a property interest in excised body parts during life. There should also be a property interest in the cadaver that arises at the point of death, which can be passed to the deceased's personal representative, who would be required to deal with the cadaver in accord with the previous instructions of the deceased. However, it does not argue that there are property interests in entire living persons. It does not suggest that property alone is adequate to resolve the issues, but that it should operate alongside existing concepts such as autonomy, informed consent and privacy. It proposes draft legislation to illustrate the operation of the suggested medico-legal framework. It recognises that any framework should be respectful of Maori cultural values, in light of the special position of Maori as tangata whenua, as expressed in the Treaty of Waitangi. It argues that the framework allows Maori the freedom to choose collective or individualistic decision-making, in recognition of the diversity of values within the Maori population. In addition, it considers areas where public policy might determine that the free disposition of this property interest should be restricted to protect vulnerable persons, such as incompetent persons and living organ donors.</p>


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucia Maestre-Carballa ◽  
Vicente Navarro ◽  
Manuel Martinez-Garcia

Abstract BackgroundIn response to the global antibiotic resistance crisis, efforts have been focused on gaining a better understanding of resistomes (sets of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs)) and the dispersion of ARGs in nature. A comprehensive metagenomic characterization of the human body resistome is paramount for laying the foundation to develop a better strategy to address this health concern. Here, we study the resistomes of 771 samples from five major body parts of healthy subjects from the Human Microbiome Project (HMP). In line with the One Health concept (WHO), we also investigated the presence of ARGs from the HMP in 272 pristine environments. ResultsOf all the detected HMP genes/proteins (9.17E+07), 40,816 were ARGs showing high interindividual and inter-body-site abundance variability. Nares had the highest ARG abundance (2.18±2.64 ARGs/Mb; ≈5.5 ARG per bacterial genome), while the gut (0.34±0.34 ARGs/Mb; ≈1.3 ARG per bacterial genome), which also showed the highest richness of different ARG types, had the lowest abundance. Fluroquinolone resistance genes were the most abundant antibiotic resistance gene family, followed by MLS or tetracycline resistance genes, depending on the body site. From all the detected ARGs, we found 366 different ARG types, with parC R (fluoroquinolone resistance) being the most abundant in the oral cavity, mprF (peptide antibiotic resistance) in the skin and nares, and tetQ (tetracycline resistance) in the gut and vagina. Most of the ARGs belonged to common bacterial commensals, and many of them were also multidrug resistance genes and were more abundant in the nares and vagina. The total number of ARGs from the HMP data (n=34) detected in pristine environments (266 samples) was negligible, and most of them (73%) were classified as housekeeping genes in autochthonous bacteria having known mutations conferring antibiotic resistance (natural reservoirs). A significant fraction of ARGs (24%) in pristine environments were actually from exogenous contaminants. The detection of identical HMP ARGs in autochthonous bacteria was extremely infrequent (3%). Conclusions Our results comprehensively reveal the resistomes from all body parts and HMP samples that can serve as a baseline for comparison for long-term survey and monitoring of human resistome variations. Finally, our data provide hope, since the spread of common ARGs from the HMP data to pristine environments thus far remains very unlikely.


Author(s):  
Priti Rajput, Et. al.

Microfluidics is an emerging field finding its applications in biomedical engineering for investigations of cellular micro structures. Human body is composed of 70% of water having thin and fine structure of microfluidic blood channels spread throughout the body. These microchannels supply essential nutrients to each part of the body at right time and in right amount. Microfluidics is the science of controlling and manipulating the fluid in micro channels. Manipulating the flow through the microchannels is useful for developing electronic devices, artificial human body parts, and economical diagnostics tools. Microfluidics also helps in manufacturing of pharmaceuticals and carrying out precise chemical analysis of complex systems. A number of diagnostic devices and artificial human organs like lungs, heart, kidneys, etc. have been simulated using microfluidics for developing easy, economical, non-invasive, and rapid method of drug testing. Recently, its applications have also been investigated in smart bandage design. Further, blend of microfluidics with herbal medicines is expected to enhance the healing along with negligible side effects unlike allopathic treatments. The scope of the present research is to develop a smart bandage capable of sensing the status of the wound and supplying required amount of drugs using microfluidic channels. The flow rate of drugs through microchannels is simulated using the physics of laminar flow, capillary action, and diffusion phenomena for optimizing the size and shape of the constituent components of the bandage like microfluidic channels, mixers, and porous material used for drug distribution with in the active area of the bandage. The analysis of the results shows that the mixer having inner radius as 150 microns and outer radius as 250 microns is sufficient to mix the incoming drugs via inlets of 50 microns’ diameter. Results also show that capillary action dominates the diffusion phenomenon for supplying the drugs to the wound. The investigations of the prototype show that a smart bandage having the provisions of uniform drug distribution, automatic control, on board pH, moisture, O2 measurement, and dc current based healing mechanism is possible to be incorporated with in a comfortable size for fast wound healing.


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