scholarly journals Reward and emotion in the brain

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauri Nummenmaa ◽  
David Sander
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Issue ◽  
Reward Process ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Future Work ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Human Systems

Pleasure and reward are central for motivation, learning, feeling and allostasis. Although reward is without any doubt an affective phenomenon, there is no consensus concerning its relationship with emotion. In this mini-review we discuss this conceptual issue both from the perspective of theories of reward and emotion as well as human systems neuroimaging. We first describe how the reward process can be understood and dissected as intertwined with the emotion process, in particular in light of the appraisal theories, and then discuss how different facets of the reward process can be studied using neuroimaging and neurostimulation techniques. We conclude that future work needs to focus on mapping the similarities and differences across stimuli and processes that lead to pleasures and rewards and propose that an integrative affective sciences approach would provide means for studying the emotional nature of reward.

scholarly journals Foraging with the frontal cortex: A cross-species evaluation of reward-guided behavior

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter H. Rudebeck ◽  
Alicia Izquierdo
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
And Function ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Intense Debate

AbstractEfficient foraging is essential to survival and depends on frontal cortex in mammals. Because of its role in psychiatric disorders, frontal cortex and its contributions to reward procurement have been studied extensively in both rodents and non-human primates. How frontal cortex of these animal models compares is a source of intense debate. Here we argue that translating findings from rodents to non-human primates requires an appreciation of both the niche in which each animal forages as well as the similarities in frontal cortex anatomy and function. Consequently, we highlight similarities and differences in behavior and anatomy, before focusing on points of convergence in how parts of frontal cortex contribute to distinct aspects of foraging in rats and macaques, more specifically. In doing so, our aim is to emphasize where translation of frontal cortex function between species is clearer, where there is divergence, and where future work should focus. We finish by highlighting aspects of foraging for which have received less attention but we believe are critical to uncovering how frontal cortex promotes survival in each species.

Exercise Impacts Age-Related Changes in Cognitive Function and Neural Complexity

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer J. Heisz ◽  
Ana Kovacevic
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Cognitive Outcomes ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Neural Network ◽  
Future Work ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Age Related Changes

Age-related changes in the brain can compromise cognitive function. However, in some cases, the brain is able to functionally reorganize to compensate for some of this loss. The present paper reviews the benefits of exercise on executive functions in older adults and discusses a potential mechanism through which exercise may change the way the brain processes information for better cognitive outcomes. Specifically, older adults who are more physically active demonstrate a shift toward local neural processing that is associated with better executive functions. We discuss the use of neural complexity as a sensitive measure of the neural network plasticity that is enhanced through exercise. We conclude by highlighting the future work needed to improve exercise prescriptions that help older adults maintain their cognitive and physical functions for longer into their lifespan.

Spatial Relations

2019 ◽  
pp. 179-216
Author(s):  
David Kemmerer
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Conceptual Knowledge ◽  
Semantic Representation ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Linguistic Representation ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The Cross ◽  
The Brain

Ever since the 1980s, research on the cross-linguistic representation of spatial relations has burgeoned. Surprisingly, however, very little of this work has had any impact on cognitive neuroscience, and most researchers who study the cortical underpinnings of concrete conceptual knowledge have ignored spatial relations completely, preferring to focus on objects and actions instead. Due to this rather stark asymmetry, this chapter has a different organization than the previous two. The first section focuses entirely on cross-linguistic similarities and differences in the grammatical-semantic representation of three main types of spatial relations: topological, projective, and deictic. Then the last section addresses a number of neuroscientific issues, including a review of what has been learned so far about the implementation of these kinds of concepts in the brain, and a discussion of how the typological literature can both inspire and guide future research in this important but relatively neglected area of inquiry.

scholarly journals Change Is Good for the Brain: Activity Diversity and Cognitive Functioning Across Adulthood

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soomi Lee ◽  
Susan T Charles ◽  
David M Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Cognitive Functioning ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Paid Work ◽  
Work Time ◽  
Activity Data ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Increased Activity ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Cognitive Data

Abstract Objectives Participating in a variety of daily activities (i.e., activity diversity) requires people to adjust to a variety of situations and engage in a greater diversity of behaviors. These experiences may, in turn, enhance cognitive functioning. This study examined associations between activity diversity and cognitive functioning across adulthood. Method Activity diversity was defined as the breadth and evenness of participation in seven common daily activity domains (e.g., paid work, time with children, leisure, physical activities, volunteering). Participants from the National Survey of Daily Experiences (NSDE: N = 732, Mage = 56) provided activity data during eight consecutive days at Wave 1 (W1) and Wave 2 (W2) 10 years apart. They also provided cognitive data at W2. Results Greater activity diversity at W2 was associated with higher overall cognitive functioning and higher executive functioning at W2. Individuals who increased activity diversity from W1 to W2 also exhibited higher scores in overall cognitive functioning and executive functioning at W2. Overall cognitive functioning, executive functioning, and episodic memory were better in those who had higher activity diversity at both waves, or increased activity diversity from W1 to W2, compared to those who had lower activity diversity or decreased activity diversity over time. Discussion Activity diversity is important for cognitive health in adulthood. Future work can study the directionality between activity diversity and cognitive functioning and underlying social and neurological mechanisms for these associations.

scholarly journals Functional dedifferentiation of the brain during healthy aging

2020 ◽  
Vol 123 (4) ◽  
pp. 1279-1282
Author(s):  
Divyangana Rakesh ◽  
Kavisha B. Fernando ◽  
Sina Mansour L.
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Theoretical Approach ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Functional Specialization ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Graph Theoretical Approach ◽  
Future Work ◽  
The Brain

Nonpathological aging is associated with significant cognitive deficits. Thus, the underlying neurobiology of aging-associated cognitive decline warrants investigation. In a recent study, Chong et al. (Chong JSX, Ng KK, Tandi J, Wang C, Poh J-H, Lo JC, Chee MWL, Zhou JH. J Neurosci 39: 5534–5550, 2019) provided insights into the association between cognitive decline and the loss of functional specialization in the brains of older adults. Here, we introduce the novel graph theoretical approach utilized and discuss the significance of their findings and broader implications on aging. We also provide alternate perspectives of their findings and suggest directions for future work.

scholarly journals P.062 Fun for the brain: activities promoting stroke recovery in the acute phase

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (S2) ◽  
pp. S28-S29
Author(s):  
R Sourial ◽  
A Jacbson
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Stroke Unit ◽  
Early Mobilization ◽  
Stroke Recovery ◽  
Music Preferences ◽  
Activity Program ◽  
Dance Movements ◽  
Therapeutic Activities ◽  
Future Work ◽  
The Brain

Background: Canadian Stroke Best Practices recommend early mobilization and engagement in activities after stroke to enhance recovery. StrokeEngine reports the use of music can further promote recovery by harnessing neuroplasticity. Using music to enhance participation in activities after stroke may impact favorably on outcome after stroke. Methods: This descriptive study will be offered to patients admitted on the stroke unit. Based on the music preferences of willing participants and guided by the physiotherapy assessment, music, singing or dance movements will be incorporated into extra-therapeutic activities using specific musical instruments matched to patient ability. The music-enhanced activity program includes at least 3 sessions per week with a trained volunteer and additional sessions with family members for the duration of the hospital stay. Each session will last between 20 and 30 mins. The program will run for six weeks. Results: Data on patient participation in daily therapy and activities on the stroke unit will be presented and compared to a similar group of stroke patients. Changes in patient stroke recovery parameters will be measured and reported on magnitude of change for future work. Conclusions: Innovative ways to enhance patient engagement early after a stroke can optimalize stroke recovery. This project will shed some light on the effects of a music-enhanced intervention

Multiple primary tumors of the brain and bowel

1972 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce F. Sorenson
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Malignant Neoplasm ◽  
Primary Tumors ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Multiple Primary ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Primary Neoplasms ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Fine Print

✓ A 69-year-old man had two different primary neoplasms of the central nervous system and a third primary malignant neoplasm of the large bowel. Similarities and differences between this case and cases previously reported are discussed.

scholarly journals Cellular Mechanisms Participating in Brain Repair of Adult Zebrafish and Mammals After Injury

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Batoul Ghaddar ◽  
Luisa Lübke ◽  
David COURET ◽  
Sepand Rastegar ◽  
Nicolas Diotel
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Adult Neurogenesis ◽  
Brain Plasticity ◽  
Adult Zebrafish ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Regenerative Capacity ◽  
Brain Repair ◽  
Cellular Events ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The Brain

Adult neurogenesis is an evolutionary conserved process occurring in all vertebrates. However, striking differences are observed between the taxa, considering the number of neurogenic niches, the neural stem cell (NSC) identity and brain plasticity under constitutive and injury-induced conditions. Zebrafish has become a popular model for the investigation of the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in adult neurogenesis. Compared to mammals, the adult zebrafish displays a high number of neurogenic niches distributed throughout the brain. Furthermore, it exhibits a strong regenerative capacity without scar formation or any obvious disabilities. In this review, we will first discuss the similarities and differences regarding (i) the distribution of neurogenic niches in the brain of adult zebrafish and mammals (mainly mouse) and (ii) the nature of the neural stem cells within the main telencephalic niches. In the second part, we will describe the cascade of cellular events occurring after telencephalic injury in zebrafish and mouse. Our study clearly shows that most early events happening right after the brain injury are shared between zebrafish and mouse including cell death, microglia and oligodendrocyte recruitment, as well as injury-induced neurogenesis. In mammals one of the consequences following an injury is the formation of a glial scar that is persistent. This is not the case in zebrafish, which may be one of the main reasons that zebrafish display a higher regenerative capacity.

scholarly journals Edge-centric functional network representations of human cerebral cortex reveal overlapping system-level architecture

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Faskowitz ◽  
Farnaz Zamani Esfahlani ◽  
Youngheun Jo ◽  
Olaf Sporns ◽  
Richard F. Betzel
Keyword(s):  
Network Model ◽  
Sensory Input ◽  
System Level ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Human Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Functional Connections ◽  
Brain Circuits ◽  
Multiple Scan ◽  
Future Work ◽  
The Brain

Network neuroscience has relied on a node-centric network model in which cells, populations, and regions are linked to one another via anatomical or functional connections. This model cannot account for interactions of edges with one another. Here, we develop an edge-centric network model, which generates the novel constructs of “edge time series” and “edge functional connectivity” (eFC). Using network analysis, we show that at rest eFC is consistent across datasets and reproducible within the same individual over multiple scan sessions. We demonstrate that clustering eFC yields communities of edges that naturally divide the brain into overlapping clusters, with regions in sensorimotor and attentional networks exhibiting the greatest levels of overlap. We go on to show that eFC is systematically and consistently modulated by variation in sensory input. In future work, the edge-centric approach could be used to map the connectional architecture of brain circuits and for the development of brain-based biomarkers of disease and development.

Deaf Studies in Learning and Cognition

2020 ◽  
pp. xviii-17
Author(s):  
Marc Marschark ◽  
Harry Knoors
Keyword(s):  
Hard Of Hearing ◽  
Developmental Psychology ◽  
Practical Interest ◽  
Cognitive Factors ◽  
Individual Family ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Cognition And Learning ◽  
Learning And Cognition ◽  
Hearing Children ◽  
The Brain

The intersection of cognitive psychology, developmental psychology, and neuroscience with regard to deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) individuals recently has received increasing attention from academic and educational audiences. Research and pedagogy associated with this nexus have focused largely on questions about whether DHH children learn in the same ways as hearing children, how signed languages and spoken languages might affect different aspects of cognition and cognitive development, and ways in which hearing loss influences the way that the brain processes and retains information. Frequently overlooked are interactions among various developmental and cognitive factors, as well as ways in which they are influenced by various individual, family, and environmental factors. This chapter addresses several areas of research on cognition and learning among DHH individuals, identifying gaps in our knowledge, illuminating some faulty assumptions, and pointing out broader implications of similarities and differences in DHH and hearing individuals of theoretical and practical interest.

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