scholarly journals How Do People Search Information on Content and Sources? Integrating Source Search in Information Boards

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonie Aßmann ◽  
Holger Futterleib ◽  
Tilmann Betsch ◽  
Eva Thomm ◽  
Johannes Bauer
Keyword(s):  
Information Search ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Source Information ◽  
Prior Beliefs ◽  
Educational Domain ◽  
Standard Information ◽  
People Search ◽  
Information Board ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Content Information

Information forms the basis for beliefs, judgements, decision making, and behavior. Nowadays, the amount of information available is continually increasing. Still, the quality and credibility of the corresponding sources vary widely. Thus, to avoid making judgments and decisions on basis of biased information, the credibility of information and sources must be carefully evaluated. However, information regarding the source is often not immediately accessible and, instead, must be purposefully sought. The standard information board paradigm does not include such a source information search. Therefore, we investigated whether that paradigm can be extended with an active search of source information in order to investigate search behaviors with regard to content und source information. To do so, we presented participants with information boards on different topics from two domains (i.e., health and education). The boards contained a question to outline the topic of information search in addition to four related sources. For each source, we provided information on topic-related expertise and potential conflicts of interest as well as content information regarding the question (i.e., pro and contra arguments). Information was hidden so that participants had to actively search the information. We were interested in the search start, search amount, differences in search between the domains and belief revision due to information search. Results show that participants primarily began information search with source expertise before continuing on to content information. In general, both content and source information were searched. Domain did not influence the start but the search amount⎯more information was searched on topics in the educational domain. In addition, search appeared to influence prior beliefs. For some topics, we observed changes in beliefs following information search.The findings indicate that our variations in the information board paradigm can be used to investigate content information search and source information search simultaneously.

scholarly journals Industry Payment to Vascular Neurologists

Stroke ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 1339-1343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krishna Nalleballe ◽  
Sen Sheng ◽  
Chenghui Li ◽  
Ruchira Mahashabde ◽  
Amarnath R. Annapureddy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
American Heart Association ◽  
American Heart ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Heart Association ◽  
The United States ◽  
Regional Trends ◽  
Impact Patient Care ◽  
And Behavior

Background and Purpose— Industry payments to physicians raise concerns regarding conflicts of interest that could impact patient care. We explored nonresearch and nonownership payments from industry to vascular neurologists to identify trends in compensation. Methods— Using Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services and American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology data, we explored financial relationships between industry and US vascular neurologists from 2013 to 2018. We analyzed payment characteristics, including payment categories, payment distribution among physicians, regional trends, and biomedical manufacturers. Furthermore, we analyzed the top 1% (by compensation) of vascular neurologists with detailed payment categories, their position, and their contribution to stroke guidelines. Results— The number of board certified vascular neurologist increased from 1169 in 2013 to 1746 in 2018. The total payments to vascular neurologist increased from $99 749 in 2013 to $1 032 302 in 2018. During the study period, 16% to 17% of vascular neurologists received industry payments. Total payments from industry and mean physician payments increased yearly over this period, with consulting fee (31.1%) and compensation for services other than consulting (30.7%) being the highest paid categories. The top 10 manufacturers made the majority of the payments, and the top 10 products changed from drug or biological products to devices. Physicians from south region of the United States received the highest total payment (38.72%), which steadily increased. Payments to top 1% vascular neurologists increased from 64% to 79% over the period as payments became less evenly distributed. Among the top 1%, 42% specialized in neuro intervention, 11% contributed to American Heart Association/American Stroke Association guidelines, and around 75% were key leaders in the field. Conclusions— A small proportion of US vascular neurologists consistently received the majority of industry payments, the value of which grew over the study period. Only 11% of the top 1% receiving industry payments have authored American Heart Association/American Stroke Association guidelines, but ≈75% seem to be key leaders in the field. Whether this influences clinical practice and behavior requires further investigation.

Dyadic perceptions in personal source information search

1995 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura J. Yale ◽  
Mary C. Gilly
Keyword(s):  
Information Search ◽  
Source Information ◽  
Personal Source

scholarly journals Psychological Media Competence of Parents of Primary School Children

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-151
Author(s):  
L. V. Skorova ◽  
E. V. Chernikova
Keyword(s):  
Primary School ◽  
Information Search ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Cognitive Component ◽  
Animated Film ◽  
Expert Assessments ◽  
The Media ◽  
Media Texts ◽  
Primary School Pupils ◽  
And Behavior

The paper features sychological media competence of parents on the basis of ideas about psychological media competence as a meso- level phenomenon, differing complex composition. The psychological  media competence of parents is considered in the structure of their  psychological competence, including cognitive, practical, and  reflexive components. The cognitive component includes knowledge  that allows one to take part in the media communication and analyze  the influence of media texts on the psyche of children. The  reflexive component is the awareness of internal changes after  interacting with media. The practical component is represented by  the ability to realize competence in interaction with children. The  procedure for diagnosing these components was developed based on the research method of “Psychological media competence of parents  of primary school pupils”. The first part was represented by  ituations  describing behavior and actions of primary school pupils in  media sphere and identifying how parents react to them. The second part included watching an animated film, answering questions that  reveal how parents understood the effect of the cartoon on children’s emotional state and behavior, and writing a letter to the main  character of the cartoon on behalf of their children. The analysis of  the psychological media competence study involved a method of  expert assessments. The results indicate a certain use of  constructive ways of reaction to situations, which are related to  information search via internet and watching destructive video. The  parents proved to underestimate effect of various media on children  and demonstrated problems in assessing and meaningful discussion of the media texts with children.

DNA Editing: A Primer

Blood ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 126 (23) ◽  
pp. SCI-16-SCI-16
Author(s):  
Prashant Mali
Keyword(s):  
Genome Engineering ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Cellular Organization ◽  
Dna Editing ◽  
Tools And Techniques ◽  
And Behavior

Abstract RNA-guided Cas9 nucleases based on the prokaryotic CRISPR-Cas systems provide an unprecedented ease in being able to edit the genomes of diverse organisms. As a single unifying factor capable of co-localizing RNA, DNA, and protein, I believe tools and techniques based on Cas9 will grant exquisite control over cellular organization, regulation, and behavior. Here I will describe work on development of the CRISPR-Cas9 targeting methodology, and detail current and prospective genome-engineering methodologies. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Pictures and Their Colors: What Do Children Remember?

2003 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 759-768 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yael M. Cycowicz ◽  
David Friedman ◽  
Martin Duff
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Activity ◽  
Frontal Lobe ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Brain Electrical Activity ◽  
Source Information ◽  
Brain Potentials ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Content Information ◽  
Source Retrieval

Theories regarding children's reliability as witnesses suggest that children are more likely to confuse memories from different sources especially when the sources are highly similar. To investigate the developmental aspects of source retrieval, we measured brain electrical activity from children and adults while they retrieved content and source information. Similar brain responses among the age groups were found when participants were asked to retrieve content information. However, retrieval of source information improved with age and was accompanied by different patterns of brain potentials. The results implicate immaturity of frontal lobe structures in children's difficulty in retrieving source information.

scholarly journals THE INNOVATION-ENTREPRENEURIAL MODELS IN TRANSFER OF ACADEMIC TECHNOLOGIES: TRANSFORMATION OF VALUATIONAL ENTITY AND CONTRADICTIONS OF REALIZATION

2020 ◽  
pp. 33-41
Author(s):  
I. Novikova
Keyword(s):  
Technology Transfer ◽  
Technology Implementation ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Innovation Process ◽  
Economic Relationships ◽  
Technological Transfer ◽  
Circular Model ◽  
Academic Technology ◽  
Knowledge Intensive ◽  
And Behavior

The evolution of the transformation of the essence of the main innovation-entrepreneurial models in technological transfer is analyzed. It is shown that the emergence of new models of technology transfer is caused by: new forms of competition, changes in public requests and needs, choice of the way of technology implementation, the need to increase revenue, etc. It was found that the modern content of technology transfer models was formed on the basis of previous theories, which directly or indirectly took into account: interests of the research industry, consumer requests and behavior, state priorities and peculiarities of economic relationships between all subjects of the innovation process. Chronological systematization of the main innovative-entrepreneurial models in technology transfer has been carried out. The strengths and weaknesses of the major models of technological transfer are identified, as well as the importance of strategic planning in implementing the process of academic technology transfer. It is proven that modeling in a knowledge-intensive business is able to help solve many common problems that are now encountered in commercial technology transfer. The potential of activating technological transfer in research universities through the lens of the concept of “open” innovations by H. Chesbrough is revealed. The risks and probable conflicts of interest of this concept have been identified. The advantages of the circular model of technology transfer are analyzed. The strategic mistakes made in the science-intensive business are shown.

scholarly journals Counterintuitive Pseudoscience Propagates by Exploiting the Mind’s Communication Evaluation Mechanisms

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Spencer Mermelstein ◽  
Tamsin C. German
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Information Search ◽  
Functional Outcomes ◽  
Attention And Memory ◽  
Epidemiological Models ◽  
Prior Beliefs ◽  
Communication Evaluation

Epidemiological models of culture posit that the prevalence of a belief depends in part on the fit between that belief and intuitions generated by the mind’s reliably developing architecture. Application of such models to pseudoscience suggests that one route via which these beliefs gain widespread appeal stems from their compatibility with these intuitions. For example, anti-vaccination beliefs are readily adopted because they cohere with intuitions about the threat of contagion. However, other varieties of popular pseudoscience such as astrology and parapsychology contain content that violates intuitions held about objects and people. Here, we propose a pathway by which “counterintuitive pseudoscience” may spread and receive endorsement. Drawing on recent empirical evidence, we suggest that counterintuitive pseudoscience triggers the mind’s communication evaluation mechanisms. These mechanisms are hypothesized to quarantine epistemically-suspect information including counterintuitive pseudoscientific concepts. As a consequence, these beliefs may not immediately update conflicting intuitions and may be largely restricted from influencing behavior. Nonetheless, counterintuitive pseudoscientific concepts, when in combination with intuitively appealing content, may differentially draw attention and memory. People may also be motivated to seek further information about these concepts, including by asking others, in an attempt to reconcile them with prior beliefs. This in turn promotes the re-transmission of these ideas. We discuss how, during this information-search, support for counterintuitive pseudoscience may come from deference to apparently authoritative sources, reasoned arguments, and the functional outcomes of these beliefs. Ultimately, these factors promote the cultural success of counterintuitive pseudoscience but explicit endorsement of these concepts may not entail tacit commitment.

Partisan-Motivated Sampling: Re-Examining Politically Motivated Reasoning Across the Information Processing Stream

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yrian Derreumaux;Derreumaux ◽  
Robin Bergh ◽  
Brent Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Intergroup Bias ◽  
Early Experiences ◽  
Processing Stream ◽  
People Search ◽  
Search For Information ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Selection Of

America is increasingly ideologically polarized, fueling intergroup conflict and intensifying partisan biases in cognition and behavior. To date, research on intergroup bias has predominantly examined biases in how people search for information and how they interpret information in isolation. Here, we integrate these two perspectives to elucidate how partisan biases manifest across the information processing stream, beginning with (1) a biased selection of information, leading to (2) skewed samples of information that interact with (3) motivated interpretations to produce evaluative biases. Across 3 empirical studies and 3 internal meta-analyses, participants freely sampled information about ingroup and outgroup members or ingroup and outgroup political candidates until they felt confident to evaluate them. Replicating our results across these different sampling environments, we reliably find that the majority of participants begin sampling information from their own group, which was associated with individual differences in group-based motives, and that participants sampled overall more information from their own group. This, in turn, generates more variability in ingroup (relative to outgroup) experiences that subsequently fall prey to motivated interpretations. We further demonstrate that participants employ different sampling strategies over time when the ingroup is de facto worse than the outgroup, and that they asymmetrically integrate information into their evaluations based on the congeniality of initial experiences. The proposed framework extends classic findings in psychology by connecting people’s early experiences to downstream evaluative biases and has implications for intergroup bias interventions.

Common Sense, Intuition, and Theory in Personality and Social Psychology

2004 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
John T. Cacioppo
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Theoretical Work ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
Prior Beliefs ◽  
Naive Theories ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Empirical Tests ◽  
And Behavior

Theoretical work in personality and social psychology benefits from a well-developed understanding of the prior empirical and theoretical work on a problem and from informed intuitions. Intuitions develop about a subject matter through years of study, investigation, and problem solving, just as chess masters develop a sophisticated set of cognitive structures that change the very appearance of the chess board. In part because the subject matter is so personal, students new to personality and social psychology arrive with many intuitions, prior beliefs, and naive theories about social processes and behavior based on unsystematic experiences and observations. These intuitions can hinder or foster theoretical progress. The role of mentors, critiques, and empirical tests in minimizing the deleterious effects of these entry biases is discussed. Refined scientific intuitions are also subject to error, however, so means of minimizing these errors are also discussed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document