scholarly journals Reinforcement of a reinforcing behaviour: Effect of sucrose concentration on wheel-running rate

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry Belke ◽  
W. David Pierce ◽  
Alexandra C. Fisher ◽  
Mandy R. LeCocq
Keyword(s):  
Operant Behavior ◽  
Wheel Running ◽  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
Sucrose Concentration ◽  
Deprivation Level ◽  
Automatic Reinforcement ◽  
Sucrose Reinforcement ◽  
Lever Pressing ◽  
Long Evans ◽  
Extrinsic Reinforcement

Wheel running, unlike typical operant behavior, generates its own automatic reinforcement that alters the control exerted by extrinsic reinforcement on wheel running. The current study investigated the implications of the automatic reinforcement of wheel running by arranging different sucrose concentrations as extrinsic reinforcement for operant wheel running in ad-lib fed and food-deprived rats. Eleven female Long Evans rats ran on fixed revolution 30 schedules that delivered a drop of sucrose solution as reinforcement. Sucrose concentration varied across values of 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 10%, and 15% sucrose (w/v). Results showed that under ad-lib feeding, only the highest concentrations increased operant wheel-running rate. By contrast, under deprivation, all concentrations of sucrose increased the rate of wheel running. Despite the differences in sucrose-reinforced operant wheel-running rates by deprivation level (ad lib vs. deprived), wheel-running rates did not differ at the highest concentrations. Prior research on operant lever pressing, a response generating low (or no) automatic reinforcement, has shown considerably higher lever-pressing rates as a function of increasing amounts of sucrose reinforcement when rats are food deprived. Together, these previous observations and the current study suggest that automatic reinforcement generated by an operant decreases the control exerted by extrinsic reinforcement. Additionally, the regulation by extrinsic reinforcement on automatically reinforcing behavior depends on the organism’s motivation or deprivation level (ad lib vs. deprived).

Duration of wheel-running reinforcement: Effects on reinforcement value and motivation in free-feeding and food-deprived rats.

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry Belke ◽  
W. David Pierce ◽  
Ian E. A. Cathart
Keyword(s):  
Wheel Running ◽  
Food Reinforcement ◽  
Variable Interval ◽  
Automatic Reinforcement ◽  
Lever Pressing ◽  
Long Evans ◽  
Free Feeding ◽  
Reinforcement Value ◽  
Wheel Activity ◽  
Reinforcement Duration

Ten (pair housed) female Long-Evans rats were exposed to 5 s, 30 s, and 90 s wheel-running reinforcement durations on a response-initiated variable interval 20 s schedule as food deprivation was manipulated. On free feeding, never-deprived rats showed low wheel running and lever-pressing rates with long postreinforcement pauses (PRPs) for the 5-s reinforcement duration. Subsequently, when food deprived (Deprived 1), rats showed no effect of reinforcement duration on all measures. Under a second deprived condition (Deprived 2) with the rats maintained in single cages, there was no effect of housing (single vs. paired). When data from both deprivation assessments (Deprived 1 and Deprived 2) were combined, rats showed lower wheel running and overall lever-pressing rates with longer pauses on the 90-s duration compared to 30 s and 5 s bouts of wheel activity. The pattern of results challenges a reinforcement value interpretation, but is consistent with shifts in the motivational basis of wheel running. On free feeding, never-deprived rats were intrinsically motivated to run on wheels and operant lever-pressing was maintained at moderate rates by the automatic reinforcement of wheel running, except at the short reinforcement duration (5 s). When food deprived, motivation became food-related and rats showed high rates of lever pressing even at the shortest duration. The weak effects under initial deprivation (Deprived 1) raise questions about equivalence between wheel-running reinforcement duration and reinforcement magnitude using food reinforcement.

scholarly journals Inverted sugar syrup attained from sucrose hydrolysis using a membrane reactor

2010 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 571-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ester Junko Tomotani ◽  
Michele Vitolo
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Reactor ◽  
Feeding Rate ◽  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
Sucrose Concentration ◽  
Sucrose Hydrolysis ◽  
Variable Parameters ◽  
Sugar Syrup ◽  
State Duration ◽  
Styrene Divinylbenzene ◽  
A Cell

Invertase, whether adsorbed on styrene-divinylbenzene copolymers or otherwise, was used for continuous sucrose hydrolysis using a cell-type membrane reactor (CTMR), coupled with an ultra (UF-100kDa), or a microfiltration (MF- pore diameter of 5 µm) membrane. In all tests, the pH (5.5), temperature (30 ºC), reaction volume (10 mL) and agitation (100 rpm) were set constant; whereas, variable parameters were: feeding rate (0.4, 0.8 and 1.6 h-1), inlet sucrose concentration (2.5, 6.5, 50 and 100 mM) and enzyme/resin ratio (1.64 mg or 3.28 mg of protein per 25, 50 or 100 mg of resin). The best result (yield of 100%, steady-state duration over 20h and specific reaction rate over 243 x 10-3 mmol/h.mE) was obtained when insoluble invertase (1.64 mg protein/100 mg resin) was used to convert 50 mM or 100 mM of sucrose solution at 0.4 h-1 using a UF-CTMR.

Sucrose Concentration as Reinforcement for Lever Pressing by Monkeys

1956 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald G. Conrad ◽  
Murray Sidman
Keyword(s):  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Sucrose Concentration ◽  
Variable Interval ◽  
Variable Interval Schedule ◽  
Interval Schedule ◽  
Satiation Effect ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Lever Pressing

3 rhesus monkeys were given various concentrations of sucrose for lever pressing on a variable interval schedule of reinforcement. 7 sucrose concentrations were studied at 2 levels of food deprivation. The response rates accelerated rapidly with increasing concentrations, and then declined after reaching a maximum, generally between 15 and 30% sucrose concentration. The decline was attributed to a satiation effect. The higher level of food deprivation tended to increase the response rate at all but the extreme high and low concentrations.

scholarly journals Polyaniline-Invertase-Gold Nanoparticles Modified Gold Electrode for Sucrose Detection

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 226-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fitriyana Fitriyana ◽  
Fredy Kurniawan
Keyword(s):  
Gold Nanoparticles ◽  
Gold Electrode ◽  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
Sucrose Concentration ◽  
Phosphate Buffer Solution ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Buffer Solution ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Active Materials ◽  
Aniline Polymerization

Sucrose sensor has been made by deposited the active materials on the surface of gold electrode. The active materials, i.e. polyaniline (PANI), invertase and gold nanoparticles, were deposited step by step. Aniline polymerization were conducted electrochemically at potential -500 to 1000 mV using voltammetry method with sweep rate 50 mV/s for 20 cycles in HCl solution pH 1.5. The modified electrode obtained was immersed in invertase 1 M phosphate buffer solution pH 6. The invertase trapping in polyaniline was performed using the same condition as aniline polymerization. Then, gold nanoparticles were deposited on the polyaniline-invertase modified gold electrode using Layer by Layer (LbL) technique. The polyaniline-invertase-gold nanoparticles modified gold electrode obtained was used to measure sucrose solution. Electrochemical signal of polyaniline (PANI)-invertase-gold nanoparticles modified gold electrode is increase with sucrose concentration. The sensitivity and detection limit of the electrode are 0.4657 µA mm-2 mM-1 and 9 µM, respectively. No electrochemical interference signals from fructose and glucose have been observed in the sucrose measurement.

Determinants of behavioral response with ozone exposure

1986 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 868-875 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Tepper ◽  
B. Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Behavioral Response ◽  
Wheel Running ◽  
Food Delivery ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
Behavioral Effects ◽  
Ozone Exposure ◽  
Physical Effort ◽  
Active Response ◽  
Lever Pressing

Three separate experiments were performed to evaluate how the topography of a behavioral response and its consequences influence the behavioral effects produced by ozone (O3) exposure. The first experiment measured the responding of food-deprived rats working to obtain intermittent delivery of small pellets of food by completing an active response, wheel running. Low O3 concentrations (0.12 ppm) reduced the frequency of running responses maintained by this fixed-interval 10-min schedule of food delivery. The second experiment examined the effects of O2 on food-deprived rats performing a response (nose poking) that required minimal physical effort to produce deliveries of food pellets. Rats in this situation began to show reductions in responding at 0.5 ppm O3. A third experiment showed that responses requiring minimal physical effort, such as lever pressing, can be a sensitive index of O3 exposure if the response provides access to wheel running. We concluded that increased physical activity during exposure appeared to be an important variable in determining sensitivity to O3 exposure.

Tissue distribution of primary metabolism between epidermal, mesophyll and parenchymatous bundle sheath cells in barley leaves

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (9) ◽  
pp. 747 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga A. Koroleva ◽  
A. Deri Tomos ◽  
John Farrar ◽  
Peter Roberts ◽  
Christopher J. Pollock
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
Sucrose Concentration ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Bundle Sheath ◽  
Assimilate Transport ◽  
Primary Metabolism ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Radioactive Label ◽  
Different Cell Types

This paper originates from a presentation at the International Conference on Assimilate Transport and Partitioning, Newcastle, NSW, August 1999 In order to investigate the roles of different cell types, metabolite compartmentation in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) leaf tissue was mapped at the single-cell level, using single-cell sampling and analysis (SiCSA) techniques. The partitioning of recently fixed photoassimilate was investigated for the first time at single-cell resolution, using BAMS (biological accelerator mass spectroscopy) for precise measurement of 14C in femtomole quantities. The data obtained by BAMS qualitatively reflect concentrations of sugars in different cell types measured by SiCSA. Calculation of 14C-specific activities showed that the radioactive label saturated the mesophyll and parenchymatous bundle sheath (PBS) pools within the 45-min labelling period. During the photoperiod, sucrose concentration increased to 200 mM in mesophyll cells. The concentration of malate also increased during the photoperiod in mesophyll and PBS cells. Epidermal cells contained very low concentrations of sugar but high concentrations of malate (120–180 mM) and did not show significant diurnal changes. Accumulation of sugars and fructan synthesis could be induced in mesophyll and PBS cells by reduced export of sugars from leaves or, alternatively, when sugars were supplied from excised leaf blade bases immersed in a sucrose solution in the dark. The epidermis accumulated additional malate in step with the accumulation of sugar by the mesophyll/PBS cells during the long-term reduction of export. Immunolocalisation of Rubisco and cytochrome oxidase proteins was used to analyse the distribution of enzymes of photoassimilation and respiration between functionally different cells in mature leaves of barley.

Replication Report: Absence of a Successive Contrast Effect on Instrumental Running Behavior after a Shift in Sucrose Concentration

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 393-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman E. Spear
Keyword(s):  
Contrast Effect ◽  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
Sucrose Concentration ◽  
Training Group ◽  
Instrumental Training ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Runway Training

Two groups of 16 rats were given several sessions of rewarded placements into the goal box prior to instrumental runway training. Group 4% received 4% sucrose solution and Group 36% received 36% sucrose solution upon each consummatory-experience placement. Both groups then were given 48, partially-reinforced (50%), instrumental trials with 36% sucrose solution as reward. No contrast effect was found as Group 36% ran faster than Group 4% throughout instrumental training.

scholarly journals Reduced hepatic eNOS phosphorylation is associated with NAFLD and type 2 diabetes progression and is prevented by daily exercise in hyperphagic OLETF rats

2014 ◽  
Vol 116 (9) ◽  
pp. 1156-1164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan D. Sheldon ◽  
M. Harold Laughlin ◽  
R. Scott Rector
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Glycemic Control ◽  
Wheel Running ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Oletf Rats ◽  
Enos Phosphorylation ◽  
Long Evans ◽  
Activation Status

We tested the hypothesis that nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with reduced hepatic endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activation status via S1177 phosphorylation (p-eNOS) and is prevented by daily voluntary wheel running (VWR). Hyperphagic Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats, an established model of obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D) and NAFLD, and normophagic controls [Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO)] were studied at 8, 20, and 40 wk of age. Basal hepatic eNOS phosphorylation (p-eNOS/eNOS) was similar between LETO and OLETFs with early hepatic steatosis (8 wk of age) and advanced steatosis, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperglycemia (20 wk of age). In contrast, hepatic p-eNOS/eNOS was significantly lower ( P < 0.05) in OLETF rats with T2D advancement and the transition to more advanced NAFLD with inflammation and fibrosis [increased tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), CD68, and CD163 mRNA expression; 40 wk of age]. Reduced hepatic eNOS activation status in 40-wk OLETF rats was significantly correlated with reduced p-Akt/Akt ( r = 0.73, P < 0.05), reduced serum insulin ( r = 0.59, P < 0.05), and elevated serum glucose ( r = −0.78, P < 0.05), suggesting a link between impaired glycemic control and altered hepatic nitric oxide metabolism. VWR by OLETF rats, in conjunction with NAFLD and T2D prevention, normalized p-eNOS/eNOS and p-Akt/Akt to LETO levels. Basal activation of hepatic eNOS and Akt are maintained until advanced NAFLD and T2D development in obese OLETF rats. The prevention of this reduction by VWR may result from maintained insulin sensitivity and glycemic control.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document