Determinants of behavioral response with ozone exposure

1986 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 868-875 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Tepper ◽  
B. Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Behavioral Response ◽  
Wheel Running ◽  
Food Delivery ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
Behavioral Effects ◽  
Ozone Exposure ◽  
Physical Effort ◽  
Active Response ◽  
Lever Pressing

Three separate experiments were performed to evaluate how the topography of a behavioral response and its consequences influence the behavioral effects produced by ozone (O3) exposure. The first experiment measured the responding of food-deprived rats working to obtain intermittent delivery of small pellets of food by completing an active response, wheel running. Low O3 concentrations (0.12 ppm) reduced the frequency of running responses maintained by this fixed-interval 10-min schedule of food delivery. The second experiment examined the effects of O2 on food-deprived rats performing a response (nose poking) that required minimal physical effort to produce deliveries of food pellets. Rats in this situation began to show reductions in responding at 0.5 ppm O3. A third experiment showed that responses requiring minimal physical effort, such as lever pressing, can be a sensitive index of O3 exposure if the response provides access to wheel running. We concluded that increased physical activity during exposure appeared to be an important variable in determining sensitivity to O3 exposure.

scholarly journals A novel weight lifting task for investigating effort and persistence in rats

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blake Porter ◽  
Kristin L. Hillman
Keyword(s):  
Food Delivery ◽  
Video Tracking ◽  
Weight Lifting ◽  
Recording Equipment ◽  
Single Plane ◽  
Action Sequence ◽  
Total N ◽  
Lever Pressing ◽  
Lifting Task

AbstractHere we present a novel effort-based task for laboratory rats: the weight lifting task (WLT). Studies of effort expenditure in rodents have typically involved climbing barriers within T-mazes or operant lever pressing paradigms. These task designs have been successful for neuropharmacological and neurophysiological investigations, but both tasks involve simple action patterns prone to automatization. Furthermore, high climbing barriers present risk of injury to animals and/or tethered recording equipment. In the WLT, a rat is placed in a large rectangular arena and tasked with pulling a rope 30 cm to trigger food delivery at a nearby spout; weights can be added to the rope in 45 g increments to increase the intensity of effort. As compared to lever pressing and barrier jumping, 30 cm of rope pulling is a multi-step action sequence requiring sustained effort. The actions are carried out on the single plane of the arena floor, making it safer for the animal and more suitable for tethered equipment and video tracking. A microcontroller and associated sensors enable precise timestamping of specific behaviors to synchronize with electrophysiological recordings. The rope and reward spout are spatially segregated to allow for spatial discrimination of the effort zone and the reward zone. We validated the task across five cohorts of rats (total n=35) and report consistent behavioral metrics. The WLT is well-suited for neuropharmacological and/or in vivo neurophysiological investigations surrounding effortful behaviors, particularly when wanting to probe different aspects of effort expenditure (intensity vs. duration).

scholarly journals Voluntary wheel running is effective on suppressing of obesity but not on blood pressure and insulin resistance in female rats fed with high fructose diet

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-28
Author(s):  
P. Tayfur ◽  
K. Gökçe Tezel ◽  
Ö. Barutçu ◽  
S. Yılmaz ◽  
E. Ö. Özgür ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Wheel Running ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Walking Distance ◽  
Voluntary Activity ◽  
Voluntary Physical Activity

A fructose-rich diet has been known to cause metabolic syndrome effects such as body weight gain, increased blood pressure, blood lipids and glucose levels. The role of voluntary physical activity in these alterations is not known clearly. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible improving effects of voluntary physical activity in rats that were feeding with a fructose-rich diet. Spraque-Dawley female rats were separated as control (C;n=7), voluntary physical activity (A;n=7), fructose (F;n=7) and fructose+activity (F+A;n=7) groups. A and FA groups were kept in cages with running wheels during six weeks. F and FA groups were fed with adding 20% fructose in drinking water. Body weight was measured weekly and Lee Index was used to determine obesity. At the end of the feeding period serum glucose, insulin and lipid levels were measured by enzymatic method and blood pressure was determined with the tail-cuff method. Daily voluntary walking distance in F+A and A groups were similar during six weeks. Fructose intake induced to increase systolic blood pressure (p=0.001), diastolic blood pressure (p=0.002), glucose (p=0.041), insulin (p=0.001), cholesterol (p=0.001), triglyceride (p=0.001) and liver weight (p=0.035). The voluntary activity was found effective on the decrease of weight gain (p=0.018) however we did not observe a significant effect on blood pressure (p=0.917) and insulin resistance (p=0.565) following the fructose-rich diet. We conclude that voluntary activity has preventive effect on obesity but may not to be effective on increased blood pressure and insulin resistance in female rats which were feeding fructose-rich diet during six weeks.

scholarly journals Normalização do Ecoturismo e Turismo de Aventura no Brasil

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marília da Silva Alves ◽  
Ângela Luciana De-Bortoli ◽  
Flávio Valdir Kirst ◽  
Sérgio Murilo Carvalho Messias ◽  
Robelius De-Bortoli
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
Leisure Activities ◽  
Physical Effort ◽  
Specific Data ◽  
Outdoor Activities ◽  
Analytic Treatment ◽  
Academic Knowledge ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Adventure Tourism

Tanto o Ecoturismo como o Turismo de Aventura são caracterizadas como atividades que exigem esforço físico dos participantes e condutores. Os condutores que não possuem certo grau acadêmico sobre conhecimento fisiológico, psicológico e social que atividades físicas acarretam, podem não oferecer uma atividade física segura para os participantes. O objetivo desse estudo foi analisar as normativas da ABNT indicadas pelo Governo Federal para disciplinar a oferta de atividades em meio à natureza, tratadas como Ecoturismo e/ou Turismo de Aventura. Quanto ao objetivo esta é uma pesquisa Descritiva, pois busca padronizar os dados coletados em uma base específica. Em relação aos procedimentos técnicos, é uma pesquisa Documental, pois analisa documentos públicos que ainda não sofreram tratamento analítico. Foram pesquisados na base de dados da ABNT todos registros das normas previstas no manual do Ministério do Turismo sobre Turismo de Aventura como normas a serem observadas para os interessados em ofertar o turismo de aventura ou ecoturismo e (disponível em www.abntcatalogo.com.br, menu normas, ABNT, número), onde estão cadastradas as normas elaboradas pela ABNT com validade no Brasil. Os principais resultados apontam para normalização preocupada com a atualização das normas e um direcionamento das NBRs para atenção às atividades de Lazer e Turismo em detrimento à Atenção à Saúde e Preservação do Meio Ambiente, donde é possível perceber a necessidade de maior clareza das normas em relação as ações e aos profissionais que são cercados pelos riscos inerentes à prática de atividades na natureza. A conservação da natureza também é um fator que necessita atenção em tais práticas. As ofertas de atividades na natureza, Ecoturismo e Turismo de Aventura, deveriam ser revistas com maior foco na execução de atividades, nos profissionais requeridos e nos riscos avaliados. Normalization of Ecotourism and Adventure Tourism in Brazil ABSTRACT Both Ecotourism and Adventure Tourism are characterized as activities that require a physical effort from the participants and leaders. The leaders who do not have a certain academic knowledge about physiologic, psychological and social influences caused by physical activity may not offer a safe physical activity to the participants. The objective of this study was to analyze the norms of ABNT (Brazilian Association of Technical Norms) indicated by the Federal Government in order to discipline the offering of outdoor activities, treated as Ecotourism and/or Adventure Tourism. Regarding to the objective, this is a descriptive research, because it wants to standardize the collected data in a specific data basis. In relation to technical procedures, this is a documental research, because it analyzes public documents that did not go through an analytic treatment. It was surveyed in ABNT database records all the rules laid down in the Ministry of Tourism handbook on Adventure Tourism as norms to be observed for those interested in offering adventure tourism or ecotourism (available in www.abntcatalogo.com.br menu standards, ABNT, number) in which are registered the standards established by ABNT valid in Brazil. The main results indicate worried normalization with the updating of standards and a direction of NBRS for attention to Leisure activities and tourism over the Health Care and Environment Preservation, where it is visible the need for greater clarity of standards for the actions and the professionals who are surrounded by inherent risks to the practice of outdoor activities. Nature conservation is also a factor that needs attention to such practices. The activities of offerings in natural environment, Ecotourism and Adventure Tourism should be reviewed with greater focus on enforcement activities, the required professional and assessed risks. KEYWORDS: Environment; Health; Leisure; Rules.

Genetic analysis of daily physical activity using a mouse chromosome substitution strain

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
He S. Yang ◽  
Martha H. Vitaterna ◽  
Aaron D. Laposky ◽  
Kazuhiro Shimomura ◽  
Fred W. Turek
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Physical Activity Level ◽  
Wheel Running ◽  
Daily Physical Activity ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Constant Darkness ◽  
Circadian Period ◽  
Chromosome 13 ◽  
Running Activity ◽  
Wheel Running Activity

There is considerable evidence for a genetic basis underlying individual differences in spontaneous physical activity in humans and animals. Previous publications indicate that the physical activity level and pattern vary among inbred strains of mice and identified a genomic region on chromosome 13 as quantitative trait loci (QTL) for physical activity. To confirm and further characterize the role of chromosome 13 in regulating daily physical activity level and pattern, we conducted a comprehensive phenotypic study in the chromosome 13 substitution strain (CSS-13) in which the individual chromosome 13 from the A/J strain was substituted into an otherwise complete C57BL/6J (B6) genome. The B6 and A/J parental strains exhibited pronounced differences in daily physical activity, sleep-wake structure, circadian period and body weight. Here we report that a single A/J chromosome 13 in the context of a B6 genetic background conferred a profound reduction in both total cage activity and wheel-running activity under a 14:10-h light-dark cycle, as well as in constant darkness, compared with B6 controls. Additionally, CSS-13 mice differed from B6 controls in the diurnal distribution of activity and the day-to-day variability in activity onset. We further performed a linkage analysis and mapped a significant QTL on chromosome 13 regulating the daily wheel running activity level in mice. Taken together, our findings indicate a QTL on chromosome 13 with dramatic and specific effects on daily voluntary physical activity, but not on circadian period, sleep, or other aspects of activity that are different between B6 and A/J strains.

scholarly journals Strain screen and haplotype association mapping of wheel running in inbred mouse strains

2010 ◽  
Vol 109 (3) ◽  
pp. 623-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Timothy Lightfoot ◽  
Larry Leamy ◽  
Daniel Pomp ◽  
Michael J. Turner ◽  
Anthony A. Fodor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Association Mapping ◽  
Wheel Running ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
Haplotype Association ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Running Activity ◽  
Wheel Running Activity

Previous genetic association studies of physical activity, in both animal and human models, have been limited in number of subjects and genetically homozygous strains used as well as number of genomic markers available for analysis. Expansion of the available mouse physical activity strain screens and the recently published dense single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) map of the mouse genome (≈8.3 million SNPs) and associated statistical methods allowed us to construct a more generalizable map of the quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with physical activity. Specifically, we measured wheel running activity in male and female mice (average age 9 wk) in 41 inbred strains and used activity data from 38 of these strains in a haplotype association mapping analysis to determine QTL associated with activity. As seen previously, there was a large range of activity patterns among the strains, with the highest and lowest strains differing significantly in daily distance run (27.4-fold), duration of activity (23.6-fold), and speed (2.9-fold). On a daily basis, female mice ran further (24%), longer (13%), and faster (11%). Twelve QTL were identified, with three (on Chr. 12, 18, and 19) in both male and female mice, five specific to males, and four specific to females. Eight of the 12 QTL, including the 3 general QTL found for both sexes, fell into intergenic areas. The results of this study further support the findings of a moderate to high heritability of physical activity and add general genomic areas applicable to a large number of mouse strains that can be further mined for candidate genes associated with regulation of physical activity. Additionally, results suggest that potential genetic mechanisms arising from traditional noncoding regions of the genome may be involved in regulation of physical activity.

scholarly journals Physical activity modulates mononuclear phagocytes in mammary tissue and inhibits tumor growth in mice

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e10725
Author(s):  
Donald M. Lamkin ◽  
Karen P. Bradshaw ◽  
Janice Chang ◽  
Ma’ayan Epstein ◽  
Jack Gomberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Physical Activity ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Tumor Growth ◽  
Mammary Tumor ◽  
Wheel Running ◽  
Mononuclear Phagocytes ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Gene And Protein Expression ◽  
Whole Transcriptome

The risk for breast cancer is significantly reduced in persons who engage in greater amounts of physical activity, and greater physical activity before or after diagnosis associates with reduced disease-specific mortality. Previous mechanistic studies indicate that components of innate immunity can mediate an inhibitory effect of physical activity on several types of tumor. However, in breast cancer specifically, the myeloid compartment of innate immunity is thought to exhibit high propensity for an immunosuppressive role that obstructs anti-tumor immunity. Thus, we tested the notion that greater physical activity alters mononuclear phagocytes in mammary tissue when inhibiting nascent tumor in a murine model of breast cancer. To model greater physical activity, we placed an angled running wheel in each mouse’s home cage for two weeks before tumor engraftment with EO771 mammary cancer cells that express luciferase for bioluminescent detection. Fully immunocompetent mice and mice with compromised adaptive immunity showed significantly less mammary tumor signal when given access to running wheels, although the effect size was smaller in this latter group. To investigate the role of the myeloid compartment, mononuclear phagocytes were ablated by systemic injection of clodronate liposomes at 24 h before tumor engraftment and again at the time of tumor engraftment, and this treatment reversed the inhibition in wheel running mice. However, clodronate also inhibited mammary tumor signal in sedentary mice, in conjunction with an expected decrease in gene and protein expression of the myeloid antigen, F4/80 (Adgre1), in mammary tissue. Whole transcriptome digital cytometry with CIBERSORTx was used to analyze myeloid cell populations in mammary tissue following voluntary wheel running and clodronate treatment, and this approach found significant changes in macrophage and monocyte populations. In exploratory analyses, whole transcriptome composite scores for monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cell (M-MDSC), macrophage lactate timer, and inflammation resolution gene expression programs were significantly altered. Altogether, the results support the hypothesis that physical activity inhibits nascent mammary tumor growth by enhancing the anti-tumor potential of mononuclear phagocytes in mammary tissue.

scholarly journals Sex modulates hepatic mitochondrial adaptations to high-fat diet and physical activity

2019 ◽  
Vol 317 (2) ◽  
pp. E298-E311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin S. McCoin ◽  
Alex Von Schulze ◽  
Julie Allen ◽  
Kelly N. Z. Fuller ◽  
Qing Xia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Wheel Running ◽  
Transcriptional Coactivator ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Respiratory Capacity ◽  
Interacting Protein ◽  
Low Fat Diet ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mitochondrial Adaptations

The impact of sexual dimorphism and mitophagy on hepatic mitochondrial adaptations during the treatment of steatosis with physical activity are largely unknown. Here, we tested if deficiencies in liver-specific peroxisome proliferative activated-receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), a transcriptional coactivator of biogenesis, and BCL-2/ADENOVIRUS EIB 19-kDa interacting protein (BNIP3), a mitophagy regulator, would impact hepatic mitochondrial adaptations (respiratory capacity, H2O2production, mitophagy) to a high-fat diet (HFD) and HFD plus physical activity via voluntary wheel running (VWR) in both sexes. Male and female wild-type (WT), liver-specific PGC-1α heterozygote (LPGC-1α), and BNIP3 null mice were thermoneutral housed (29–31°C) and divided into three groups: sedentary-low-fat diet (LFD), 16 wk of (HFD), or 16 wk of HFD with VWR for the final 8 wk (HFD + VWR) ( n = 5–7/sex/group). HFD did not impair mitochondrial respiratory capacity or coupling in any group; however, HFD + VWR significantly increased maximal respiratory capacity only in WT and PGC-1α females. Males required VWR to elicit mitochondrial adaptations that were inherently present in sedentary females including greater mitochondrial coupling control and reduced H2O2production. Females had overall reduced markers of mitophagy, steatosis, and liver damage. Steatosis and markers of liver injury were present in sedentary male mice on the HFD and were effectively reduced with VWR despite no resolution of steatosis. Overall, reductions in PGC-1α and loss of BNIP3 only modestly impacted mitochondrial adaptations to HFD and HFD + VWR with the biggest effect seen in BNIP3 females. In conclusion, hepatic mitochondrial adaptations to HFD and treatment of HFD-induced steatosis with VWR are more dependent on sex than PGC-1α or BNIP3.

scholarly journals Brain type I but not type II IL-1 receptors mediate the effects of IL-1β on behavior in mice

1998 ◽  
Vol 274 (3) ◽  
pp. R735-R740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandrine Cremona ◽  
Emmanuelle Goujon ◽  
Keith W. Kelley ◽  
Robert Dantzer ◽  
Patricia Parnet
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Behavioral Response ◽  
Behavioral Effect ◽  
Behavioral Effects ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Social Exploration ◽  
Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
The Brain

In the immune system, interleukin (IL)-1β effects are mediated by the type I IL-1 receptors (IL-1RI), whereas the type II IL-1 receptors (IL-1RII) act as inhibitory receptors. IL-1RI and IL-1RII are also present in the brain. To study their functionality in the brain, mice were centrally treated with neutralizing monoclonal antibody (MAb) directed against IL-1RI (35F5, 1 μg) or against IL-1RII (4E2, 2 μg) and were centrally injected with recombinant rat IL-1β at a dose (2 ng) that decreased social exploration. Only 35F5 was effective in abrogating the behavioral effect of IL-1β. Moreover, 4E2 (1 μg icv) did not potentiate the behavioral response to a subthreshold dose of IL-1β (1 ng icv). To examine the ability of brain IL-1RI to mediate the effects of endogenous IL-1β, mice were centrally treated with 35F5 (4 μg) and peripherally injected with IL-1β (1 μg). Like IL-1 receptor antagonist (4 μg icv), 35F5 abrogated the effects of IL-1β. These results suggest that brain IL-1RI mediates the behavioral effects of IL-1β in mice.

scholarly journals Exercise opens a temporal window for enhanced cognitive improvement from subsequent physical activity

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 485-492
Author(s):  
Christopher W. Butler ◽  
Ashley A. Keiser ◽  
Janine L. Kwapis ◽  
Nicole C. Berchtold ◽  
Vanessa L. Wall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Cognitive Enhancement ◽  
Wheel Running ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Object Location ◽  
Running Wheel ◽  
Temporal Window ◽  
Cognitive Improvement ◽  
Exercise Induced

The beneficial effects of exercise on cognition are well established; however specific exercise parameters regarding the frequency and duration of physical activity that provide optimal cognitive health have not been well defined. Here, we explore the effects of the duration of exercise and sedentary periods on long-term object location memory (OLM) in mice. We use a weak object location training paradigm that is subthreshold for long-term memory formation in sedentary controls, and demonstrate that exercise enables long-term memories to form. We show that 14- and 21-d of running wheel access enables mice to discriminate between familiar and novel object locations after a 24 h delay, while 2- or 7-d running wheel access provides insufficient exercise for such memory enhancement using the subthreshold learning paradigm. After 14- and 21-d of wheel running, exercise-induced cognitive enhancement then decays back to baseline performance following 3-d of sedentary activity. However, exercise-induced cognitive enhancement can be reactivated by an additional period of just 2 d exercise, previously shown to be insufficient to induce cognitive enhancement on its own. The reactivating period of exercise is capable of enhancing memory after three- or seven-sedentary days, but not 14-d. These data suggest a type of “molecular memory” for the exercise stimulus, in that once exercise duration reaches a certain threshold, it establishes a temporal window during which subsequent low-level exercise can capitalize on the neurobiological adaptations induced by the initial period of exercise, enabling it to maintain the benefits on cognitive function. These findings provide new information that may help to guide future clinical studies in exercise.

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