Future and Past Autobiographical Memory in Persons With HIV Disease

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelli L. Sullivan ◽  
David P. Sheppard ◽  
Briana Johnson ◽  
Jennifer L. Thompson ◽  
Luis D. Medina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Declarative Memory ◽  
Medication Management ◽  
Executive Dysfunction ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Medium Effect ◽  
Hiv Disease ◽  
Everyday Functioning ◽  
Episodic Simulation ◽  
Future Events ◽  
Near Future

Objective: While HIV disease is associated with declarative memory impairment, the ability of people with HIV (PWH) to describe past and future autobiographical events is not known. The constructive episodic simulation hypothesis asserts that one’s ability to imagine future autobiographical events relies on the construction of details from past autobiographical memories and plays a role in adaptive behavior. Method: Participants included 63 PWH and 28 seronegative individuals ages 50 and older who completed standardized neurocognitive and everyday functioning assessments. Participants described four events from the recent past and four imagined events in the near future, details from which were classified as internal or external to the main event. Results: PWH produced fewer autobiographical details with a small-to-medium effect sizes, but did not differ from seronegative participants in meta-cognitive ratings of their performance. The study groups did not vary across past or future probes or internal versus external details; however, within the entire sample, past events were described in greater detail than future events, and more external than internal details were produced. Within PWH, the production of fewer internal details for future events was moderately associated with poorer prospective memory, executive dysfunction, and errors on a laboratory-based task of medication management. Conclusions: Older PWH may experience difficulty generating autobiographical details from the past and simulated events in the future, which may be related to executive dyscontrol of memory processes. Future studies might examine the role of these deficits in health behaviors such as medication adherence and retention in healthcare.

scholarly journals Verbal Learning Mediates the Relationship Between Executive Functions and a Laboratory Task of Medication Management in HIV Disease

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelli L Sullivan ◽  
Michelle A Babicz ◽  
Steven Paul Woods
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functions ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Medication Management ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Executive Dysfunction ◽  
Hiv Disease ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Laboratory Task

Abstract Objective Impairments in executive functions and learning are common in HIV disease and increase the risk of nonadherence to antiretroviral therapy. The mixed encoding/retrieval profile of HIV-associated deficits in learning and memory is largely driven by dysregulation of prefrontal systems and related executive dysfunction. This study tested the hypothesis that learning may be one pathway by which executive dysfunction disrupts medication management in people living with HIV (PLWH). Method A total of 195 PLWH completed a performance-based laboratory task of medication management capacity and clinical measures of executive functions, verbal learning and memory, and motor skills. Results Executive functions were significantly associated with verbal learning and medication management performance. In a model controlling for education, learning significantly mediated the relationship between executive functions and medication management, and this mediation was associated with a small effect size. In particular, executive dysfunction was associated with diminished use of higher-order learning strategies. Alternate models showed that executive functions did not mediate the relationship between learning and medication management nor did motor skills mediate the relationship between executive functions and medication management. Conclusions PLWH with executive dysfunction may demonstrate difficulty in learning new information, potentially due to ineffective strategy use, which may in turn put them at a higher risk for problems managing their medications in the laboratory. Future studies may wish to investigate whether compensatory neurocognitive training (e.g., using more effective learning strategies) may improve medication management among PLWH.

scholarly journals Cuing both positive and negative episodic foresight reduces delay discounting but does not affect risk-taking

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (8) ◽  
pp. 1998-2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Bulley ◽  
Beyon Miloyan ◽  
Gillian V Pepper ◽  
Matthew J Gullo ◽  
Julie D Henry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Delay Discounting ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Future Scenarios ◽  
Balloon Analogue Risk Task ◽  
Episodic Simulation ◽  
The Future ◽  
Future Events ◽  
Monetary Choice Questionnaire

Humans frequently create mental models of the future, allowing outcomes to be inferred in advance of their occurrence. Recent evidence suggests that imagining positive future events reduces delay discounting (the devaluation of reward with time until its receipt), while imagining negative future events may increase it. Here, using a sample of 297 participants, we experimentally assess the effects of cued episodic simulation of positive and negative future scenarios on decision-making in the context of both delay discounting (monetary choice questionnaire) and risk-taking (balloon-analogue risk task). Participants discounted the future less when cued to imagine positive and negative future scenarios than they did when cued to engage in control neutral imagery. There were no effects of experimental condition on risk-taking. Thus, although these results replicate previous findings suggesting episodic future simulation can reduce delay discounting, they indicate that this effect is not dependent on the valence of the thoughts, and does not generalise to all other forms of “impulsive” decision-making. We discuss various interpretations of these results, and suggest avenues for further research on the role of prospection in decision-making.

Divergent theories, converging evidence: The constructional semantics of competing future constructions

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-114
Author(s):  
Stefan Hartmann
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
The Other ◽  
Temporal Distance ◽  
Corpus Study ◽  
Distant Future ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Future Events ◽  
The One ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Lines Of Evidence

Abstract This paper investigates the alternation between two competing German future constructions, the werden + Infinitive construction and the futurate present, from a usage-based perspective. Two lines of evidence are combined: On the one hand, a pilot corpus study indicates that werden + Infinitive is more likely to be used for referring to distant-future events than to near-future events. However, syntactic factors seem to be at least as decisive as semantic ones for speakers’ choice between the two constructions. On the other hand, an experimental study taps into language users’ interpretation of sentences framed in one of the two constructions. It can be shown that the grammatical framing does not significantly affect participants’ estimates of the temporal distance of the events to which the stimuli sentences refer. This suggests that the meaning differences between the two constructions be more nuanced, e.g. pertaining to discourse-pragmatic functions.

scholarly journals Reducing future fears by suppressing the brain mechanisms underlying episodic simulation

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (52) ◽  
pp. E8492-E8501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland G. Benoit ◽  
Daniel J. Davies ◽  
Michael C. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Episodic Simulation ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
Future Events ◽  
The Right ◽  
Development Of Anxiety ◽  
The Brain

Imagining future events conveys adaptive benefits, yet recurrent simulations of feared situations may help to maintain anxiety. In two studies, we tested the hypothesis that people can attenuate future fears by suppressing anticipatory simulations of dreaded events. Participants repeatedly imagined upsetting episodes that they feared might happen to them and suppressed imaginings of other such events. Suppressing imagination engaged the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, which modulated activation in the hippocampus and in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). Consistent with the role of the vmPFC in providing access to details that are typical for an event, stronger inhibition of this region was associated with greater forgetting of such details. Suppression further hindered participants’ ability to later freely envision suppressed episodes. Critically, it also reduced feelings of apprehensiveness about the feared scenario, and individuals who were particularly successful at down-regulating fears were also less trait-anxious. Attenuating apprehensiveness by suppressing simulations of feared events may thus be an effective coping strategy, suggesting that a deficiency in this mechanism could contribute to the development of anxiety.

Image Captioning for Near-Future Events from Vehicle Camera Images and Motion Information

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuki Mori ◽  
Tsubasa Hirakawa ◽  
Takayoshi Yamashita ◽  
Hironobu Fujiyoshi
Keyword(s):  
Motion Information ◽  
Image Captioning ◽  
Future Events ◽  
Near Future

Future Directions in Deinstitutionalization and Education: A Delphi Investigation

1986 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne W. Putnam ◽  
Robert H. Bruininks
Keyword(s):  
Special Education Teachers ◽  
Children And Youth ◽  
Educational Services ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Mail Surveys ◽  
Residential Services ◽  
Future Events ◽  
Near Future

A Delphi survey procedure was used to forecast future events and set goals relative to deinstitutionalization and educational services for handicapped children and youth. Thirty-three persons of varying organizational affiliations, occupations, and geographical locations participated in two rounds of mail surveys. Questionnaires presented forecasts for deinstitutionalization and residential services spanning the entire life cycle and educational services directed more at children and youth below 25 years of age. Among some of the major trends predicted were that the deinstitutionalization movement would not lose momentum and that community-based residential services would increasingly become available to all persons with handicaps. Panelists anticipated that children and youth with handicaps would be educated more in natural environments and situations, but did not foresee a wholesale movement of mildly handicapped students or special education teachers into regular classroom settings in the near future.

scholarly journals The remembering–imagining system

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 256-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin A Conway ◽  
Catherine Loveday ◽  
Scott N Cole
Keyword(s):  
Brain Damage ◽  
Episodic Future Thinking ◽  
Recent Past ◽  
Future Thinking ◽  
The Future ◽  
Future Events ◽  
Episodic Memories ◽  
Images Of The Future ◽  
Near Future

Remembering and imagining are intricately related, particularly in imagining the future: episodic future thinking. It is proposed that remembering the recent past and imagining the near future take place in what we term the remembering–imagining system. The remembering–imagining system renders recently formed episodic memories and episodic imagined near-future events highly accessible. We suggest that this serves the purpose of integrating past, current, and future goal-related activities. When the remembering–imagining system is compromised, following brain damage and in psychological illnesses, the future cannot be effectively imagined and episodic future thinking may become dominated by dysfunctional images of the future.

scholarly journals Script Generation of Activities of Daily Living in HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders

2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 740-745 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Cobb Scott ◽  
Steven Paul Woods ◽  
Ofilio Vigil ◽  
Robert K. Heaton ◽  
Igor Grant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Daily Living ◽  
Standardized Test ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Executive Dysfunction ◽  
Neurocognitive Disorders ◽  
Everyday Functioning ◽  
Everyday Activities ◽  
Adequate Knowledge ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Associated Neurocognitive Disorders

AbstractScript generation describes one's ability to produce complex, sequential action plans derived from mental representations of everyday activities. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection on script generation performance. Sixty HIV+ individuals (48% of whom had HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders [HAND]) and 26 demographically comparable HIV- participants were administered a novel, standardized test of script generation, which required participants to verbally generate and organize the necessary steps for completing six daily activities. HAND participants evidenced significantly more total errors, intrusions, and script boundary errors compared to the HIV- sample, indicating difficulties inhibiting irrelevant actions and staying within the prescribed boundaries of scripts, but had adequate knowledge of the relevant actions required for each script. These findings are generally consistent with the executive dysfunction and slowing common in HAND and suggest that script generation may play a role in everyday functioning problems in HIV. (JINS, 2011, 17, 740–745)

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