scholarly journals Informational goals, sentence structure, and comparison class inference

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Henry Tessler ◽  
Polina Tsvilodub ◽  
Jesse Snedeker ◽  
Roger Philip Levy
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Subject Position ◽  
Sentence Structure ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Comparison Class ◽  
Gradable Adjective ◽  
Class A ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Right ◽  
Great Dane

Understanding a gradable adjective (e.g., big) requires making reference to a comparison class, a set of objects or entities against which the referent is implicitly compared (e.g., big for a Great Dane), but how do listeners decide upon a comparison class? Simple models of semantic composition stipulate that the adjective combines with a noun, which necessarily be- comes the comparison class (e.g., “That Great Dane is big” means big for a Great Dane). We investigate an alternative hypothesis built on the idea that the utility of a noun in an adjectival utterance can be either for reference (getting the listener to attend to the right object) or predication (describing a property of the referent). Therefore, we hypothesize that when the presence of a noun N can be explained away by its utility in reference (e.g., being in the subject position: “That N is big”), it is less likely to set the comparison class. Across three pre-registered experiments, we find evidence that listeners use the noun as a cue to infer comparison classes consistent with a trade-off between reference and predication. This work highlights the complexity of the relation between the form of an utterance and its meaning.

scholarly journals ANALISIS PENGGUNAAN BAHASA INDONESIA LARAS HUKUM PADA PUTUSAN PERKARA EKONOMI SYARIAH PENGADILAN AGAMA MAKASSAR

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-210
Author(s):  
Edhy Rustan
Keyword(s):  
Language Use ◽  
Sentence Structure ◽  
Legal Language ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
Library Research ◽  
Ambiguous Words ◽  
Improper Use ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Right ◽  
Writing Errors

This study aims to describe the forms of error in using Indonesian language in the legal ruling on sharia economic cases in the Makassar Religious Court. Research is a descriptive qualitative research that is documentative or library research. The data in this study are the use of legal language on the decisions of sharia economic cases number 73 / Pdt.G / 2015 / PA. Mks. Makassar Religious Court. Data collection is done through documentation techniques, by examining a number of references to the use of legal languages, both in the form of books, journals, magazines, newspapers, research reports, and legal documents that are relevant to the problems under study. Recording, namely the author records all matters relating to the phenomenon of legal language usage, which is obtained from the decisions of the Makassar Religious Court and relevant documents, into the notebook prepared in the form of a body of data. The steps of data analysis, namely (1) Identifying the legal language that has experienced an error, (2) Classifying the form of sentence writing errors in the decision of the sharia economic case of the Makassar Religious Court, (3) Analyzing the form of sentence using the Indonesian language in economic case decisions Makassar Islamic sharia, (4) Describe any form of language use error accompanied by descriptions or explanations. The results of the study showed that the Indonesian sentence in the law in the sharia economic decision of the Makassar Religious Court experienced structural errors as a result of not having the function of the subject in sentences, and improper use of conjunctions, and not paying attention to punctuation, diction, ambiguous words, use of redundant words, and adjust the context of the case with the right reasoning pattern. As a result of these errors, the meaning of the sentence becomes ambiguous, making it difficult for the reader to understand. Apart from that, sentence structure errors can cause differences in the meaning that is generated in a decision

Notes on the history of reciprocal NP-strategies in Semitic languages in a typological perspective

Diachronica ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elitzur A. Bar-Asher Siegal
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Subject Position ◽  
Argument Position ◽  
Semitic Languages ◽  
European Languages ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One

Among Semitic reciprocal constructions, a division is seen between two types: 1) two-unit constructions, with two components, each filling a different argument position of the verb, and 2) one-unit constructions, with an anaphora that co-refers with the subject (that must be plural) and occupies only the non-subject position required by the verb. The goal of this paper is to explain how these constructions developed, specifically: 1) how did the various types of two-unit constructions evolve? and 2) could diachronic chains be identified in order to explain the development of the one-unit constructions from the two-unit constructions? Previous work on question (1) focuses on the range of phrases that tend to develop into reciprocal markers. Such accounts, however, do not explain how these constructions developed the specific meanings they have. I argue that consideration of the semantics of these constructions is crucial for understanding their evolution. Instead of ‘reciprocal constructions’ it is better to see them as denoting ‘unspecified relations’. As for (2), various attempts have been made to explain such processes focusing on Indo-European languages, which do not capture the Semitic developments; therefore I propose an alternative hypothesis, according to which the one-unit constructions result from a reanalysis of the two-unit constructions.

Leftward Stylistic Displacement (LSD) in Medieval French

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Labelle ◽  
Paul Hirschbühler
Keyword(s):  
Subject Position ◽  
Intervention Effects ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Right ◽  
Empty Subject

It is argued that, contrary to recent analyses, there was no stylistic fronting of the Icelandic type in Medieval French but a number of leftward stylistic displacements (LSD). The arguments against a stylistic fronting analysis include the absence of intervention effects and the absence of an empty subject condition. It is also argued that the LSD expression may have a diversity of informational roles and that the variety of constructions observed may be accounted for by a combination of (remnant) VP movement and short scrambling. Finally, three distinct constructions are identified: a V2 construction, an LSDLeft construction, with the LSD expression to the left of the subject, and an LSDRight construction, with the LSD expression to the right of the subject. LSDRight is the unmarked construction, and it includes the case where the subject position is unfilled.

scholarly journals Constructing the Desirable Reader in Swedish Contemporary Literature Policy

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Linnea Lindsköld ◽  
Åse Hedemark ◽  
Anna Lundh
Keyword(s):  
Reading Ability ◽  
Contemporary Literature ◽  
Subject Position ◽  
Learning And Development ◽  
Swedish Population ◽  
Critical Studies ◽  
Knowledge Practices ◽  
Commission Report ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Right

This study contributes to a growing number of critical studies of reading that are seeking to understand how reading is constructed socially and politically. It addresses issues concerning why certain types of reading are deemed more appropriate than others in various contexts and historical eras. The aim of the study is to explore constructions of reading, reading promotion, and readers that can be identified in Swedish literature policy 2012-2013 in order to make explicit the implicit assumptions embedded in the politics of reading. This is achieved through a discourse analysis of the Swedish Government Commission report on Literature from 2012 and the subsequent Government Bill from 2013. The analysis focuses on the construction of the ‘problem’ that reading is supposed to solve, the subject-position of the reader, and the knowledge practices that underpin the construction of the ‘problem’. The analysis reveals that the main ‘problem’ is the changing reading habits of the Swedish population and the decline in the reading ability of Swedish children and youth. This is seen as a threat to several important societal values, such as children’s learning and development, democracy, “the culture of reading”, Sweden’s economic competitiveness, and the market for literature. Responsibility for the problem is placed on the school system, parents, and the use of computers and the Internet. The remedy is seen as the promotion of the right kind of literature. Furthermore, the analysis illustrates how the subject position of the appropriate reader is formed around the notion of the harmful non-reader. Similar dividing practices are constructed around youth/adult, pupil/teacher, child/parent, and son/father where the latter is expected to make the former a reader and thereby a desirable subject. The analysis also shows how two contradictory knowledge practices are joined together in the policy texts, where seemingly rational, objective, and empirical research is paired with humanistic Bildung values.

Contemporary Machiavellian theses "The strategy of the role of the absurd state as a model"

2020 ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Ali Hussein Hameed ◽  
Saif Hayder AL.Husainy
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Decision Maker ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Information Revolution ◽  
Main Hypothesis ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Area Of Influence ◽  
The Right ◽  
Modern Technologies

In the anarchism that governs the nature and patterns of international relations characterized by instability and uncertainty in light of several changes, as well as the information revolution and the resulting developments and qualitative breakthroughs in the field of scientific and advanced technological knowledge and modern technologies.  All of these variables pushed toward the information flow and flow tremendously, so rationality became an indispensable matter for the decision maker as he faces these developments and changes. There must be awareness and rationality in any activity or behavior because it includes choosing the best alternative and making the right decision and selecting the information accurately and mental processing Through a mental system based on objectivity, methodology, and accumulated experience away from idealism and imagination, where irrationality and anarchy are a reflection of the fragility of the decision-maker, his lack of awareness of the subject matter, his irresponsibility, and recklessness that inevitably leads to failure by wasting time and Effort and potential. The topic acquires its importance from a search in the strategies of the frivolous state and its characteristics with the ability to influence the regional, and what it revealed is a turning point in how to adapt from the variables and employ them to their advantage and try to prove their existence. Thus, the problem comes in the form of a question about the possibility of the frivolous state in light of the context of various regional and international events and trends. The answer to this question stems from the main hypothesis that (the aim which the frustrating state seeks to prove is that it finds itself compelled to choose several strategies that start from the nature of its characteristics and the goals that aim at it, which are centered in the circle of its interests in the field of its struggle for the sake of its survival and area of influence).

Strategi Humas Partai Gerindra dalam Membangun Citra Partai pada Pemilu 2014

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rialdo Rezeky ◽  
Muhammad Saefullah
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Public Relations ◽  
Media Relations ◽  
Executive Board ◽  
The Public ◽  
Community Or ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Main Components ◽  
The Right ◽  
Participatory Observation

The approach of this research is qualitative and descriptive. In this study those who become the subject of research is an informant (key figure). The subject of this study is divided into two main components, consisting of internal public and external public that is from the Board of the Central Executive Board of Gerindra Party, Party Cadres, Observers and Journalists. The object of this research is the behavior, activities and opinions of Gerindra Party Public Relation Team. In this study used data collection techniques with interviews, participatory observation, and triangulation of data. The results of this study indicate that the Public Relations Gerindra has implemented strategies through various public relations programs and establish good media relations with the reporters so that socialization goes well. So also with the evaluation that is done related to the strategy of the party. The success of Gerindra Party in maintaining the party’s image in Election 2014 as a result of the running of PR strategy and communication and sharing the right type of program according to the characteristics of the voting community or its constituents.Keywords: PR Strategy, Gerindra Party, Election 2014

PENILAIAN AUTENTIK PADA MATAPELAJARAN PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM

Edupedia ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-85
Author(s):  
Mohamad Aso Samsudin ◽  
Ukhtul Iffah
Keyword(s):  
Islamic Education ◽  
Authentic Assessments ◽  
Measurement Tools ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Right

Teaching is an art means that the art of managing people who have a variety of different characters. The teacher should be able to recognize these different characters so that he can easily master them so that the subject is easily mastered by them. However, the teacher is not easy to do that. It is no less difficult in learning to do assessment, because when assessment teachers are required to be careful and meticulous so that the results are not wrong, be careful in determining appropriate measurement tools as measured, or careful in operating the right tools, especially teachers are required able to do a complete assessment (authentic) in three domains (cognitive, psychomotor, and affective). This article reviews how to carry out authentic assessments in Islamic Education (Pendidikan Agama Islam) learning.

Right and Wrong from the Standpoint of G. W. Hegel

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 5-13
Author(s):  
V. V. Ershov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Subject ◽  
The Right

The subject of the article is the right and «wrong» from the standpoint of G. W. Hegel and other researchers. H. W. Hegel refers the «wrong» to the «unreal» right, which should «gradually disappear». In the article, first of all, legal and individual regulators of legal relations are distinguished. Secondly, the «wrong» refers to a type of individual regulators of legal relations, which have distinctive objective features from the right.

Defending Virtuous Motivation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua May
Keyword(s):  
Framing Effects ◽  
Moral Behavior ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Moral Hypocrisy ◽  
Debunking Arguments ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
Mood Effects ◽  
The Right

This chapter considers remaining empirical challenges to the idea that we’re commonly motivated to do what’s right for the right reasons. Two key factors threaten to defeat claims to virtuous motivation, self-interest (egoism) and arbitrary situational factors (situationism). Both threats aim to identify defective influences on moral behavior that reveal us to be commonly motivated by the wrong reasons. However, there are limits to such wide-ranging skeptical arguments. Ultimately, like debunking arguments, defeater challenges succumb to a Defeater’s Dilemma: one can identify influences on many of our morally relevant behaviors that are either substantial or arbitrary, but not both. The science suggests a familiar trade-off in which substantial influences on many morally relevant actions are rarely defective. Arriving at this conclusion requires carefully scrutinizing a range of studies, including those on framing effects, dishonesty, implicit bias, mood effects, and moral hypocrisy (vs. integrity).

scholarly journals Legal and Technical Feasibility of the GDPR’s Quest for Explanation of Algorithmic Decisions: of Black Boxes, White Boxes and Fata Morganas

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maja BRKAN ◽  
Grégory BONNET
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
General Data Protection Regulation ◽  
Legal Limits ◽  
Black Boxes ◽  
General Data ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Right ◽  
Automated Decision Making

Understanding of the causes and correlations for algorithmic decisions is currently one of the major challenges of computer science, addressed under an umbrella term “explainable AI (XAI)”. Being able to explain an AI-based system may help to make algorithmic decisions more satisfying and acceptable, to better control and update AI-based systems in case of failure, to build more accurate models, and to discover new knowledge directly or indirectly. On the legal side, the question whether the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) provides data subjects with the right to explanation in case of automated decision-making has equally been the subject of a heated doctrinal debate. While arguing that the right to explanation in the GDPR should be a result of interpretative analysis of several GDPR provisions jointly, the authors move this debate forward by discussing the technical and legal feasibility of the explanation of algorithmic decisions. Legal limits, in particular the secrecy of algorithms, as well as technical obstacles could potentially obstruct the practical implementation of this right. By adopting an interdisciplinary approach, the authors explore not only whether it is possible to translate the EU legal requirements for an explanation into the actual machine learning decision-making, but also whether those limitations can shape the way the legal right is used in practice.

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