scholarly journals Eye preferences in capuchin monkeys (Sapajus apella)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duncan Wilson ◽  
Masaki Tomonaga ◽  
Sarah Jane-Vick
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Emotional Valence ◽  
Capuchin Monkey ◽  
Capuchin Monkeys ◽  
Social Relevance ◽  
Positive And Negative Valence ◽  
The Right

This study explored whether capuchin monkey eye preferences differ systematically in response to stimuli of positive and negative valence. The ‘valence hypothesis’ proposes that the right hemisphere is more dominant for negative emotional processing and the left hemisphere is more dominant for positive emotional processing. Visual information from each eye is thought to be transferred faster to and primarily processed by the contra-lateral cerebral hemisphere. Therefore, it was predicted capuchin monkeys would show greater left eye use for looking at negative stimuli and greater right eye use for looking at positive stimuli. Eleven captive capuchin monkeys were presented with four images of different emotional valence (an egg and capuchin monkey raised eyebrow face were categorised as positive, and a harpy eagle face and capuchin monkey threat face were categorised as negative) and social relevance (consisting of capuchin monkey faces or not), and eye preferences for viewing the stimuli through a monocular viewing hole were recorded. While strong preferences for using either the left or right eye were found for most individuals, there was no consensus at the population-level. Furthermore, the direction of looking, number of looks and duration of looks did not differ significantly with the emotional valence of the stimuli. These results are inconsistent with the main hypotheses about the relationship between eye preferences and processing of emotional stimuli. However, the monkeys did show significantly more arousal behaviours (vocalisation, door-touching, self-scratching and hand-rubbing) when viewing the negatively valenced stimuli than the positively valenced stimuli, indicating that the stimuli were emotionally salient. These findings do not provide evidence for a relationship between eye preferences and functional hemispheric specialisations, as often proposed in humans. Additional comparative studies are required to better understand the phylogeny of lateral biases, particularly in relation to emotional valence.

A Double Dissociation in the Affective Modulation of Startle in Humans: Effects of Unilateral Temporal Lobectomy

2001 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 721-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Sumie Funayama ◽  
Christian Grillon ◽  
Michael Davis ◽  
Elizabeth A. Phelps
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Lobe ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobe ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Temporal Lobectomy ◽  
Opposite Pattern ◽  
Double Dissociation ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
The Right

In the present study we report a double dissociation between right and left medial temporal lobe damage in the modulation of fear responses to different types of stimuli. We found that right unilateral temporal lobectomy (RTL) patients, in contrast to control subjects and left temporal lobectomy (LTL) patients, failed to show potentiated startle while viewing negative pictures. However, the opposite pattern of impairment was observed during a stimulus that patients had been told signaled the possibility of shock. Control subjects and RTL patients showed potentiated startle while LTL patients failed to show potentiated startle. We hypothesize that the right medial temporal lobe modulates fear responses while viewing emotional pictures, which involves exposure to (emotional) visual information and is consistent with the emotional processing traditionally ascribed to the right hemisphere. In contrast, the left medial temporal lobe modulates fear responses when those responses are the result of a linguistic/cognitive representation acquired through language, which, like other verbally mediated material, generally involves the left hemisphere. Additional evidence from case studies suggests that, within the medial temporal lobe, the amygdala is responsible for this modulation.

scholarly journals Horses show individual level lateralisation when inspecting an unfamiliar and unexpected stimulus

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. e0255688
Author(s):  
Paolo Baragli ◽  
Chiara Scopa ◽  
Martina Felici ◽  
Adam R. Reddon
Keyword(s):  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Emotional Valence ◽  
Avoidance Reaction ◽  
Sample Population ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Inflated Balloon ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Unexpected Stimulus

Animals must attend to a diverse array of stimuli in their environments. The emotional valence and salience of a stimulus can affect how this information is processed in the brain. Many species preferentially attend to negatively valent stimuli using the sensory organs on the left side of their body and hence the right hemisphere of their brain. Here, we investigated the lateralisation of visual attention to the rapid appearance of a stimulus (an inflated balloon) designed to induce an avoidance reaction and a negatively valent emotional state in 77 Italian saddle horses. Horses’ eyes are laterally positioned on the head, and each eye projects primarily to the contralateral hemisphere, allowing eye use to be a proxy for preferential processing in one hemisphere of the brain. We predicted that horses would inspect the novel and unexpected stimulus with their left eye and hence right hemisphere. We found that horses primarily inspected the balloon with one eye, and most horses had a preferred eye to do so, however, we did not find a population level tendency for this to be the left or the right eye. The strength of this preference tended to decrease over time, with the horses using their non-preferred eye to inspect the balloon increasingly as the trial progressed. Our results confirm a lateralised eye use tendency when viewing negatively emotionally valent stimuli in horses, in agreement with previous findings. However, there was not any alignment of lateralisation at the group level in our sample, suggesting that the expression of lateralisation in horses depends on the sample population and testing context.

scholarly journals Ambisonics Sound Source Localization With Varying Amount of Visual Information in Virtual Reality

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thirsa Huisman ◽  
Axel Ahrens ◽  
Ewen MacDonald
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Sound Field ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Spatial Cues ◽  
Sound Sources ◽  
Acoustic Localization ◽  
Localization Performance ◽  
The Right

To reproduce realistic audio-visual scenarios in the laboratory, Ambisonics is often used to reproduce a sound field over loudspeakers and virtual reality (VR) glasses are used to present visual information. Both technologies have been shown to be suitable for research. However, the combination of both technologies, Ambisonics and VR glasses, might affect the spatial cues for auditory localization and thus, the localization percept. Here, we investigated how VR glasses affect the localization of virtual sound sources on the horizontal plane produced using either 1st-, 3rd-, 5th- or 11th-order Ambisonics with and without visual information. Results showed that with 1st-order Ambisonics the localization error is larger than with the higher orders, while the differences across the higher orders were small. The physical presence of the VR glasses without visual information increased the perceived lateralization of the auditory stimuli by on average about 2°, especially in the right hemisphere. Presenting visual information about the environment and potential sound sources did reduce this HMD-induced shift, however it could not fully compensate for it. While the localization performance itself was affected by the Ambisonics order, there was no interaction between the Ambisonics order and the effect of the HMD. Thus, the presence of VR glasses can alter acoustic localization when using Ambisonics sound reproduction, but visual information can compensate for most of the effects. As such, most use cases for VR will be unaffected by these shifts in the perceived location of the auditory stimuli.

The dysfunction of affective picture processing in pituitary patients: an ERPs study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenglong Cao ◽  
Jian Song ◽  
Binbin Liu ◽  
Jianren Yue ◽  
Yuzhao Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Adenoma ◽  
Patient Group ◽  
Electric Potential ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Emotional Stimuli ◽  
Affective Stimuli ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
The Right

Abstract Background: Cognitive impairments have been reported in patients with pituitary adenoma; however, there is a lack of knowledge of investigating the emotional stimuli processing in pituitary patients. Thus, we aimed to investigate whether there is emotional processing dysfunction in pituitary patients by recording and analyzing the late positive potential (LPP) elicited by affective stimuli.Methods: Evaluation of emotional stimuli processing by LPP Event related potentials (ERPs) was carried out through central- parietal electrode sites (C3, Cz, C4, P3, Pz, P4) on the head of the patients and healthy controls (HCs).Results: In the negative stimuli, the amplitude of LPP was 2.435 ± 0.419μV for HCs and 0.656 ± 0.427μV for patient group respectively ( p = 0.005). In the positive stimuli, the elicited electric potential 1.450 ± 0.316μV for HCs and 0.495 ± 0.322μV for patient group respectively ( p = 0.040). Moreover, the most obvious difference of LPP amplitude between the two groups existed in the right parietal region. On the right hemisphere (at the P4 site), the elicited electric potential was 1.993 ± 0.299μV for HCs and 0.269 ± 0.305μV for patient group respectively( p = 0.001).Conclusion: There are functional dysfunction of emotional stimuli processing in pituitary adenoma patients. Our research provides the electrophysiological evidence for the presence of cognitive dysfunction which need to be intervened in the pituitary adenoma patients.

Split brains

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Schechter
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Information Exchange ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
The Other ◽  
Brain Surgery ◽  
Interhemispheric Interaction ◽  
Split Brain ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right

The largest fibre tract in the human brain connects the two cerebral hemispheres. A ‘split-brain’ surgery severs this structure, sometimes together with other white matter tracts connecting the right hemisphere and the left. Split-brain surgeries have long been performed on non-human animals for experimental purposes, but a number of these surgeries were also performed on adult human beings in the second half of the twentieth century, as a medical treatment for severe cases of epilepsy. A number of these people afterwards agreed to participate in ongoing research into the psychobehavioural consequences of the procedure. These experiments have helped to show that the corpus callosum is a significant source of interhemispheric interaction and information exchange in the ‘neurotypical’ brain. After split-brain surgery, the two hemispheres operate unusually independently of each other in the realm of perception, cognition, and the control of action. For instance, each hemisphere receives visual information directly from the opposite (‘contralateral’) side of space, the right hemisphere from the left visual field and the left hemisphere from the right visual field. This is true of the normal (‘neurotypical’) brain too, but in the neurotypical case interhemispheric tracts allow either hemisphere to gain access to the information that the other has received. In a split-brain subject however the information more or less stays put in whatever hemisphere initially received it. And it isn’t just visual information that is confined to one hemisphere or the other after the surgery. Rather, after split-brain surgery, each hemisphere is the source of proprietary perceptual information of various kinds, and is also the source of proprietary memories, intentions, and aptitudes. Various notions of psychological unity or integration have always been central to notions of mind, personhood, and the self. Although split-brain surgery does not prevent interhemispheric interaction or exchange, it naturally alters and impedes it. So does the split-brain subject as a whole nonetheless remain a unitary psychological being? Or could there now be two such psychological beings within one human animal – sharing one body, one face, one voice? Prominent neuropsychologists working with the subjects have often appeared to argue or assume that a split-brain subject has a divided or disunified consciousness and even two minds. Although a number of philosophers agree, the majority seem to have resisted these conscious and mental ‘duality claims’, defending alternative interpretations of the split-brain experimental results. The sources of resistance are diverse, including everything from a commitment to the necessary unity of consciousness, to recognition of those psychological processes that remain interhemispherically integrated, to concerns about what the moral and legal consequences would be of recognizing multiple psychological beings in one body. On the other hand underlying most of these arguments against the various ‘duality’ claims is the simple fact that the split-brain subject does not appear to be two persons, but one – and there are powerful conceptual, social, and moral connections between being a unitary person on the one hand and having a unified consciousness and mind on the other.

scholarly journals Fundamental Nature of Human Infant's Brain Asymmetry

1977 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juhn A. Wada ◽  
Alan E. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Functional Implication ◽  
Speech Stimuli ◽  
Morphological Asymmetry ◽  
Developmental Factors ◽  
Verbal Content ◽  
The Right ◽  
Temporal Coherency

SUMMARY:Morphological speech zone asymmetry in man cannot be due to environmental or developmental factors after birth. The functional implication of such a finding is not yet clear. Morphological asymmetry of the human brain is paralleled by electrophysiological evidence of cerebral hemispheric asymmetries. The results of our analysis of 50 infants suggest that clear occipital-temporal coherency asymmetry similar, but not identical to the adult pattern, also exists at or near birth. These asymmetries are generated by stimuli with no verbal content and in infants who presumably have no or an undeveloped capability for language. It is suggested that language is only a part of much more fundamental asymmetries which include the processing of auditory and visual information. Our results, and those of others, are consistent with the assumption that the left hemisphere is more able to relate stimuli to past experience, either short or long-term, while the right hemisphere is more able to process stimuli which are not easily identifiable or referable. These capabilities would not be based on language, and hence would be expected to develop independently and possibly before speech. The demonstration that reversing electrophysiological asymmetries can be generated with non-speech stimuli in the visual and auditory modalities, and in neonates, supports such an assumption.

scholarly journals Independent means of business communication in manager personnel

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (86) ◽  
pp. 48-52
Author(s):  
K.M. Hirniak
Keyword(s):  
Personnel Management ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Human Resources Management ◽  
Business Communication ◽  
Management Tools ◽  
Business Partners ◽  
Tone Of Voice ◽  
Verbal Messages ◽  
The Right

Non-verbal means of business communication for the personnel management system are considered in the article. Business communication is disclosed as the communication of various meetings with personal acquaintance, which is a necessary component of cooperation with non-verbal means. Individual substantiation of non-verbal communication, built on the system of non-verbal characters, serving as means for the exchange of information between people. Research is used to provide information transmitted by verbal means (only words) by about 7%, only by voice – by 38% (in particular due to the tone of voice, intonation and other sounds) and non-verbal means – 55%. Non-verbal messages have certain features, they are: unstructured, can not be decomposed into separate components; tied to the terms of communication; non-intentional, spontaneous; more innate than acquired; are formed under the dominant influence of the right hemisphere of the brain. It is proved that there are reasons to trust non-verbal means of communication. The emphasis is on the management of personnel, which obliges to business communication and determined by the ability to correctly interpret the visual information, as well as the partner's look, his facial expressions, gestures, timbre and tempo of the language. Ability to recognize non-verbal signals allows a business person: the ability to recognize the obstacles that arise at the level of personal relationships at the time of their origin, intercept and neutralize the corresponding signals, rebuild a conversation with these signals, change the timing of the conversation; the ability to verify the correctness of their interpretation of signals. The purpose of this article is to study non-verbal (non-verbal) human resources management tools used in business communication. In the course of the presentation of the article came to the conclusion that non-verbal means of business communication can provide some assistance in achieving the desired result in the process of negotiations with business partners or in personnel management; feelings, emotions, relationships of people, allows you to convey proper information, the content of which is reviewed by language, that is verbal means. In the future, we see that non-verbal means of business communication in the management of personnel, which must comply with the norms and verbal etiquette adopted in the appropriate environment, as well as intellectual and professional levels.

scholarly journals Functional Linear and Nonlinear Brain–Heart Interplay during Emotional Video Elicitation: A Maximum Information Coefficient Study

Entropy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 892 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincenzo Catrambone ◽  
Alberto Greco ◽  
Enzo Pasquale Scilingo ◽  
Gaetano Valenza
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Power Spectra ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Emotional Valence ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Maximum Information ◽  
Information Coefficient ◽  
Linear And Nonlinear

Brain and heart continuously interact through anatomical and biochemical connections. Although several brain regions are known to be involved in the autonomic control, the functional brain–heart interplay (BHI) during emotional processing is not fully characterized yet. To this aim, we investigate BHI during emotional elicitation in healthy subjects. The functional linear and nonlinear couplings are quantified using the maximum information coefficient calculated between time-varying electroencephalography (EEG) power spectra within the canonical bands ( δ , θ , α , β and γ ), and time-varying low-frequency and high-frequency powers from heartbeat dynamics. Experimental data were gathered from 30 healthy volunteers whose emotions were elicited through pleasant and unpleasant high-arousing videos. Results demonstrate that functional BHI increases during videos with respect to a resting state through EEG oscillations not including the γ band (>30 Hz). Functional linear coupling seems associated with a high-arousing positive elicitation, with preferred EEG oscillations in the θ band ( [ 4 , 8 ) Hz) especially over the left-temporal and parietal cortices. Differential functional nonlinear coupling between emotional valence seems to mainly occur through EEG oscillations in the δ , θ , α bands and sympathovagal dynamics, as well as through δ , α , β oscillations and parasympathetic activity mainly over the right hemisphere. Functional BHI through δ and α oscillations over the prefrontal region seems primarily nonlinear. This study provides novel insights on synchronous heartbeat and cortical dynamics during emotional video elicitation, also suggesting that a nonlinear analysis is needed to fully characterize functional BHI.

scholarly journals Unified Visual Working Memory without the Anterior Corpus Callosum

Symmetry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 2106
Author(s):  
Yair Pinto ◽  
Edward H.F. de Haan ◽  
Maria-Chiara Villa ◽  
Sabrina Siliquini ◽  
Gabriele Polonara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Corpus Callosum ◽  
Visual Working Memory ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Visual Fields ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Visual Hemifield ◽  
The Right ◽  
Visual Hemifields

One of the most fundamental, and most studied, human cognitive functions is working memory. Yet, it is currently unknown how working memory is unified. In other words, why does a healthy human brain have one integrated capacity of working memory, rather than one capacity per visual hemifield, for instance. Thus, healthy subjects can memorize roughly as many items, regardless of whether all items are presented in one hemifield, rather than throughout two visual hemifields. In this current research, we investigated two patients in whom either most, or the entire, corpus callosum has been cut to alleviate otherwise untreatable epilepsy. Crucially, in both patients the anterior parts connecting the frontal and most of the parietal cortices, are entirely removed. This is essential, since it is often posited that working memory resides in these areas of the cortex. We found that despite the lack of direct connections between the frontal cortices in these patients, working memory capacity is similar regardless of whether stimuli are all presented in one visual hemifield or across two visual hemifields. This indicates that in the absence of the anterior parts of the corpus callosum working memory remains unified. Moreover, it is important to note that memory performance was not similar across visual fields. In fact, capacity was higher when items appeared in the left visual hemifield than when they appeared in the right visual hemifield. Visual information in the left hemifield is processed by the right hemisphere and vice versa. Therefore, this indicates that visual working memory is not symmetric, with the right hemisphere having a superior visual working memory. Nonetheless, a (subcortical) bottleneck apparently causes visual working memory to be integrated, such that capacity does not increase when items are presented in two, rather than one, visual hemifield.

An Exploratory TMS Study on Prefrontal Lateralization in Valence Categorization of Facial Expressions

2017 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 282-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Ferrari ◽  
Lucile Gamond ◽  
Marcello Gallucci ◽  
Tomaso Vecchi ◽  
Zaira Cattaneo
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Control Site ◽  
Emotional Facial Expressions ◽  
Left Dlpfc ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Right

Abstract. Converging neuroimaging and patient data suggest that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is involved in emotional processing. However, it is still not clear whether the DLPFC in the left and right hemisphere is differentially involved in emotion recognition depending on the emotion considered. Here we used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to shed light on the possible causal role of the left and right DLPFC in encoding valence of positive and negative emotional facial expressions. Participants were required to indicate whether a series of faces displayed a positive or negative expression, while TMS was delivered over the right DLPFC, the left DLPFC, and a control site (vertex). Interfering with activity in both the left and right DLPFC delayed valence categorization (compared to control stimulation) to a similar extent irrespective of emotion type. Overall, we failed to demonstrate any valence-related lateralization in the DLPFC by using TMS. Possible methodological limitations are discussed.

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