scholarly journals Curiosity: An appetitive or an aversive drive?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lieke van Lieshout ◽  
Floris de Lange ◽  
Roshan Cools
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Monetary Gain ◽  
Strong Main Effect

You probably know what kind of things you are curious about, but can you also explain what it feels like to be curious? Previous studies have demonstrated that we are particularly curious when uncertainty is high and when information provides us with a substantial update of what we know. It is unclear, however, whether this drive to seek information (curiosity) is appetitive or aversive. Curiosity might correspond to an appetitive drive elicited by the state of uncertainty, because we like that state, or rather it might correspond to an aversive drive to reduce the state of uncertainty, because we don’t like it. To investigate this, we obtained both subjective valence (happiness) and curiosity ratings from subjects who performed a lottery task that elicits uncertainty-dependent curiosity. We replicated a strong main effect of outcome uncertainty on curiosity: Curiosity increased with increasing outcome uncertainty, irrespective of whether the outcome represented a monetary gain or loss. By contrast, happiness decreased with higher outcome uncertainty. This indicates that people were more curious, but less happy about lotteries with higher outcome uncertainty. These results demonstrate that curiosity reflects an aversive drive to reduce the unpleasant state of uncertainty.

scholarly journals Uncertainty increases curiosity, but decreases happiness

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lieke L. F. van Lieshout ◽  
Floris P. de Lange ◽  
Roshan Cools
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Monetary Gain ◽  
Strong Main Effect

AbstractYou probably know what kind of things you are curious about, but can you also explain what it feels like to be curious? Previous studies have demonstrated that we are particularly curious when uncertainty is high and when information provides us with a substantial update of what we know. It is unclear, however, whether this drive to seek information (curiosity) is appetitive or aversive. Curiosity might correspond to an appetitive drive elicited by the state of uncertainty, because we like that state, or rather it might correspond to an aversive drive to reduce the state of uncertainty, because we don’t like it. To investigate this, we obtained both subjective valence (happiness) and curiosity ratings from subjects who performed a lottery task that elicits uncertainty-dependent curiosity. We replicated a strong main effect of outcome uncertainty on curiosity: Curiosity increased with outcome uncertainty, irrespective of whether the outcome represented a monetary gain or loss. By contrast, happiness decreased with higher outcome uncertainty. This indicates that people were more curious, but less happy about lotteries with higher outcome uncertainty. These findings raise the hypothesis, to be tested in future work, that curiosity reflects an aversive drive to reduce the unpleasant state of uncertainty.

scholarly journals Theming, Co-Creation, and Quality of Structured Experiences at Camp

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 230-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary D. Ellis ◽  
Jingxian Jiang ◽  
Andrew Lacanienta ◽  
Mark Carroll
Keyword(s):  
Lived Experience ◽  
Interaction Effect ◽  
Quality Of Experience ◽  
Summer Camp ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Strong Main Effect

Lacanienta and his colleagues (2018) recently reported results of a study of the effect of themes on quality of experience of youths during summer camp activities. Existing literature suggested that theming activity sessions would have a strong main effect. Results, though, revealed an activity-by-theme interaction effect, i.e., themes seem to be effective in some activities but not others. In this follow-up study, we describe results of a secondary analysis revealing significant new insights regarding theme. Adding an indicator of campers’ co-created, lived-experience theme into the models tested substantially clarified how objective theme, lived-experience theme, and activity interact in influencing the quality of structured experiences. This study, then, underscores the importance of including measures of participants’ co-created lived experience as we seek to understand techniques that can be used to enhance the quality of youths’ structured camp experiences.

scholarly journals A STICKY–DISPERSED INFORMATION PHILLIPS CURVE: A MODEL WITH PARTIAL AND DELAYED INFORMATION

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 747-773
Author(s):  
Marta B. M. Areosa ◽  
Waldyr D. Areosa ◽  
Vinicius Carrasco
Keyword(s):  
Standard Model ◽  
Phillips Curve ◽  
The State ◽  
Price Setting ◽  
Unique Equilibrium ◽  
Sticky Information ◽  
Pricing Decisions ◽  
Delayed Information ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Noisy Signals

We study the interaction between dispersed and sticky information by assuming that firms receive private noisy signals about the state in an otherwise standard model of price setting with sticky information. We compute the unique equilibrium of the game induced by the firms’ pricing decisions and derive the resulting Phillips curve. The main effect of dispersion is to magnify the immediate impact of a given shock when the degree of stickiness is small. Its effect on persistence is minor: even when information is largely dispersed, a substantial amount of informational stickiness is needed to generate persistence in aggregate prices and inflation.

Regional importance measures based on failure probability in the presence of epistemic and aleatory uncertainties

2013 ◽  
Vol 228 (6) ◽  
pp. 1029-1047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Cheng ◽  
Zhenzhou Lu ◽  
Luyi Li
Keyword(s):  
Failure Probability ◽  
Computational Cost ◽  
Variance Decomposition ◽  
The State ◽  
Structural Systems ◽  
Conditional Mean ◽  
First Order ◽  
State Dependent ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Dependent Parameter

For the structural systems with both epistemic and aleatory uncertainties, in order to analyze the effects of different regions of epistemic parameters on failure probability, two regional importance measures (RIMs) are firstly proposed, i.e. contribution to mean of failure probability (CMFP) and contribution to variance of failure probability (CVFP), and their properties are analyzed and verified. Then, to analyze the effect of different regions of the epistemic parameters on their corresponding first-order variance (i.e. main effect) in the Sobol’s variance decomposition, another RIM is proposed which is named as contribution to variance of conditional mean of failure probability (CVCFP). The proposed CVCFP is then extended to define another RIM named as contribution to mean of conditional mean of failure probability, i.e. CMCFP, to measure the contribution of regions of epistemic parameters to mean of conditional mean of failure probability. For the problem that the computational cost for calculating the conditional mean of failure probability may be too large to be accepted, the state dependent parameter (SDP) method is introduced to estimate CVCFP and CMCFP. Several examples are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed RIMs and the efficiency and accuracy of the SDP-based method are also demonstrated by the examples.

The Effect of Structural and Performance Factors in the Perception of Anacruses

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin London ◽  
Tommi Himberg ◽  
Ian Cross
Keyword(s):  
Dependent Measure ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Performance Factors ◽  
Phase Alignment ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Systematic Shift ◽  
Rhythm And Meter ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Strong Main Effect

WHEN A MELODY BEGINS WITH AN ANACRUSIS, (i.e.,"pick up" notes), rhythm and meter are out of phase. Three experiments were conducted to investigate the interactions between structural (rhythm and pitch) and performance (articulation and tempo) factors on the perception of anacruses. The independent variables were rhythmic figure, initial melodic direction, initial melodic interval, implied harmony, articulation, and tempo. Participants tapped "every other beat" to melodies composed for each experiment; the phase-alignment of taps with the stimulus was the dependent measure of anacrustic vs. non-anacrustic perception. Experiment 1 found a strong main effect for rhythmic figure and an interaction between rhythmic figure and tempo. Experiment 2 showed that as tempo increased there was a systematic shift toward anacrustic perception of some melodies. Experiment 3 found that in a rhythmically impoverished context, pitch-based structural factors had only a weak effect on the perception of anacrusis.

scholarly journals Application of regulatory focus theory to search advertising

2014 ◽  
Vol 31 (6/7) ◽  
pp. 494-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elyse N. Mowle ◽  
Emily J. Georgia ◽  
Brian D. Doss ◽  
John A. Updegraff
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Regulatory Focus ◽  
Online Advertising ◽  
Regulatory Fit ◽  
Regulatory Focus Theory ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Search Advertising ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Strong Main Effect ◽  
Focus Theory

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to test the utility of regulatory focus theory principles in a real-world setting; specifically, Internet hosted text advertisements. Effect of compatibility of the ad text with the regulatory focus of the consumer was examined. Design/methodology/approach – Advertisements were created using Google AdWords. Data were collected for the number of views and clicks each ad received. Effect of regulatory fit was measured using logistic regression. Findings – Logistic regression analyses demonstrated that there was a strong main effect for keyword, such that users were almost six times as likely to click on a promotion advertisement as a prevention advertisement, as well as a main effect for compatibility, such that users were twice as likely to click on an advertisement with content that was consistent with their keyword. Finally, there was a strong interaction of these two variables, such that the effect of consistent advertisements was stronger for promotion searches than for prevention searches. Research limitations/implications – The effect of ad compatibility had medium to large effect sizes, suggesting that individuals’ state may have more influence on advertising response than do individuals’ traits (e.g. personality traits). Measurement of regulatory fit was limited by the constraints of Google AdWords. Practical implications – The results of this study provide a possible framework for ad creation for Internet advertisers. Originality/value – This paper is the first study to demonstrate the utility of regulatory focus theory in online advertising.

EXPRESS: Pain-dependent learning in healthy volunteers.

2021 ◽  
pp. 174702182110010
Author(s):  
Giovanna Carosena Del Sordo ◽  
Dominic Simon
Keyword(s):  
Memory Task ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
The State ◽  
State Dependent Learning ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
State Dependent ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Context Of Learning ◽  
Dependent Learning ◽  
Adult Volunteers

A state-dependent learning paradigm was studied in which healthy adult volunteers studied/encoded and recalled information from short passages, neutral in their content, in one of the following conditions: (1) Pain during study-Pain during both recall sessions; (2) Pain during study-No Pain during both recall sessions; (3) No Pain during study-Pain during both recall sessions; and (4) No Pain during study-No Pain during both recall sessions. Pain was experimentally induced using the cold pressor technique. In this study we looked at evidence for state-dependent learning when the context of learning is not emotionally driven, but neutral. The memory task consisted of encoding detailed information about short stories, then recalling as many details as possible 20 minutes and 48 hours later. The results indicated no occurrence of a state-dependent learning and retrieval effect in this sample: participants in the pain-no pain and no pain-pain conditions did not significantly perform differently than participants in the pain-pain and no pain-no pain conditions. However, a main effect of the state during study/encoding was significant, suggesting that being in pain during study had a detrimental effect on performance on the memory tests regardless of the state at retrieval. These results oppose previous studies’ findings and shed new light on possible implications in various research areas.

scholarly journals The effect of subliminal incentives on goal-directed eye movements

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasko Kilian Hinze ◽  
Ozge Uslu ◽  
Jessica Emily Antono ◽  
Melanie Wilke ◽  
Arezoo Pooresmaeili
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Peak Velocity ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Goal Pursuit ◽  
Sensitive Indicator ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Fixed Amount ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Monetary Gain

Over the last decades, several studies have demonstrated that conscious and unconscious reward incentives both affect performance in physical and cognitive tasks, suggesting that goal-pursuit can arise from an unconscious will. Whether the planning of goal-directed saccadic eye movements during an effortful task can also be affected by subliminal reward cues has not been systematically investigated. We employed a novel task where participants made several eye movements back and forth between a fixation point and a number of peripheral targets. The total number of targets visited by the eyes in a fixed amount of time determined participants' monetary gain. The magnitude of the reward at stake was briefly shown at the beginning of each trial and masked by pattern images superimposed in time so that at shorter display durations participants perceived reward incentives subliminally. We found a main effect of reward across all display durations as higher reward enhanced participants' oculomotor effort measured as the frequency and peak velocity of saccades. This effect was strongest for consciously perceived rewards but also occurred when rewards were subliminally perceived. Although we did not find a statistically significant dissociation between the reward-related modulation of different saccadic parameters, across two experiments the most robust effect of subliminal rewards was observed for the modulation of the saccadic frequency but not the peak velocity. These results suggest that multiple indices of oculomotor effort can be incentivized by subliminal rewards and that saccadic frequency may provide the most sensitive indicator of subliminal incentivization of eye movements.

Perception and Familiarity of Diatonic Modes

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 352-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daphne Tan ◽  
David Temperley
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Popular Music ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Music Training ◽  
Formal Knowledge ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Corpus Data ◽  
Strong Main Effect

In a prior study (Temperley & Tan, 2013), participants rated the “happiness” of melodies in different diatonic modes. A strong pattern was found, with happiness decreasing as scale steps were lowered. We wondered: Does this pattern reflect the familiarity of diatonic modes? The current study examines familiarity directly. In the experiments reported here, college students without formal music training heard a series of melodies, each with a three-measure beginning (“context”) in a diatonic mode and a one-measure ending that was either in the context mode or in a mode that differed from the context by one scale degree. Melodies were constructed using four pairs of modes with the same tonic: Lydian/Ionian, Ionian/Mixolydian, Dorian/Aeolian, and Aeolian/Phrygian. Participants rated how well the ending “fit” the context. Two questions were of interest: (1) Do listeners give higher ratings to some modes (as endings) overall? (2) Do listeners give a higher rating to the ending if its mode matches that of the context? The results show a strong main effect of ending, with Ionian (major) and Aeolian (natural minor) as the most familiar (highly rated) modes. This aligns well with corpus data representing the frequency of different modes in popular music. There was also a significant interaction between ending and context, whereby listeners rated an ending higher if its mode matched the context. Our findings suggest that (1) our earlier “happiness” results cannot be attributed to familiarity alone, and (2) listeners without formal knowledge of diatonic modes are able to internalize diatonic modal frameworks.

Effects of Trait Anxiety and the Scamper Technique on Creative Thinking of Intellectually Gifted Students

1993 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 907-912 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brizeida E. Mijares-Colmenares ◽  
William G. Masten ◽  
Joe R. Underwood
Keyword(s):  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
Creative Thinking ◽  
Summer Camp ◽  
Gifted Students ◽  
The State ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
State Trait Anxiety Inventory ◽  
Verbal Creativity ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Effect Of Treatment

This work assessed the effect of trait anxiety (measured on the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) and the Scamper technique on figural creative thinking, measured by the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking. An analysis of covariance with 52 gifted students in a summer camp gave no significant main effect of treatment for trait anxiety, or their interaction. Scamper may not effectively improve figural creativity and anxiety may not influence figural creativity the same way it influences verbal creativity, at least as measured.

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