scholarly journals Robot Faces that Follow Gaze Facilitate Attentional Engagement and Increase Their Likeability

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cesco Willemse ◽  
Serena Marchesi ◽  
Agnieszka Wykowska
Keyword(s):  
Humanoid Robots ◽  
Gaze Following ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
Joint Condition ◽  
Gaze Cueing ◽  
Spatial Orienting ◽  
Saccade Onset ◽  
Attentional Engagement ◽  
Affective Consequences ◽  
The One

Gaze behavior of humanoid robots is an efficient mechanism for cueing our spatial orienting, but less is known about the cognitive-affective consequences of robots responding to human directional cues. Here, we examined how the extent to which a humanoid robot (iCub) avatar directed its gaze to the same objects as our participants affected engagement with the robot, subsequent gaze cueing and subjective ratings of the robot’s characteristic traits. In a gaze-contingent eyetracking task, participants were asked to indicate a preference for one of two objects with their gaze whilst an iCub avatar was presented between the object photographs. In one condition, the iCub then shifted its gaze toward the object chosen by a participant in 80% of the trials (joint condition) and in the other condition it looked at the opposite object 80% of the time (disjoint condition). Based on the literature in human-human social cognition, we took the speed with which the participants looked back at the robot as a measure of facilitated reorienting and robot-preference, and found these return saccade onset times to be quicker in the joint condition than in the disjoint condition. As indicated by results from a subsequent gaze-cueing tasks, the gaze-following behavior of the robot had little effect on how our participants responded to gaze cues. Nevertheless, subjective reports suggested that our participants preferred the iCub following participants’ gaze to the one with a disjoint attention behavior, rated it as more human-like and as more likeable. Taken together, our findings show a preference for robots who follow our gaze. Importantly, such subtle differences in gaze behavior are sufficient to influence our perception of humanoid agents, which clearly provides hints about the design of behavioral characteristics of humanoid robots in more naturalistic settings.

Noticing Extroversion Effects Attention: How Robot and Participant Personality Affect Gaze Cueing

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 1557-1561
Author(s):  
Ali Momen ◽  
Eva Wiese
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Human Robot Interaction ◽  
Current Paper ◽  
Cognitive Behavior ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
Robot Interaction ◽  
Gaze Cueing ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Positive Effects

Social robots with expressive gaze have positive effects on human-robot interaction. In particular, research suggests that when robots are programmed to express introverted or extroverted gaze behavior, individuals enjoy interacting more with robots that match their personality. However, how this affects social-cognitive performance during human-robot interactions has not been thoroughly examined yet. In the current paper, we examine whether the perceived match between human and robot personality positively affects the degree to which the robot’s gaze is followed (i.e., gaze cueing, as a proxy for more complex social-cognitive behavior). While social attention has been examined extensively outside of human-robot interaction, recent research shows that a robot’s gaze is attended to in a similar way as a human’s gaze. While our results did not support the hypothesis that gaze cueing would be strongest when the participant’s personality matched the robot’s personality, we did find evidence that participants followed the gaze of introverted robots more strongly than the gaze of extroverted robots. This finding suggests that agent’s displaying extroverted gaze behavior may hurt performance in human-robot interaction.

scholarly journals Precursors to Social and Communication Difficulties in Infants At-Risk for Autism: Gaze Following and Attentional Engagement

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (10) ◽  
pp. 2208-2218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachael Bedford ◽  
◽  
Mayada Elsabbagh ◽  
Teodora Gliga ◽  
Andrew Pickles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Gaze Following ◽  
Communication Difficulties ◽  
Attentional Engagement

scholarly journals Noticing Extraversion Effects Attention: How Robot and Participant Personality Affect Social Attention

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Momen ◽  
Eva Wiese
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Social Attention ◽  
Human Robot Interaction ◽  
Cognitive Behavior ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
Robot Interaction ◽  
Gaze Cueing ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Positive Effects

Social robots with expressive gaze have positive effects on human-robot interaction. In particular, research suggests that when robots are programmed to express introverted or extraverted gaze behavior, individuals enjoy interacting more with robots that match their personality. However, how this affects social-cognitive performance during human-robot interactions has not been thoroughly examined yet. In the current paper, we examine whether the perceived match between human and robot personality positively affects the degree to which the robot’s gaze is followed (i.e., gaze cueing, as a proxy for more complex social-cognitive behavior). While social attention has been examined extensively outside of human-robot interaction, recent research shows that a robot’s gaze is attended to in a similar way as a human’s gaze. While our results did not support the hypothesis that gaze cueing would be strongest when the participant’s personality matched the robot’s personality, we did find evidence that participants followed the gaze of introverted robots more strongly than the gaze of extroverted robots. This finding suggests that agent’s displaying extraverted gaze behavior may hurt performance in human-robot interaction

scholarly journals Robot Gaze Behavior Affects Honesty in Human-Robot Interaction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elef Schellen ◽  
Francesco Bossi ◽  
Agnieszka Wykowska
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Eye Contact ◽  
Humanoid Robots ◽  
Human Robot Interaction ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
Robot Interaction ◽  
Facial Cues ◽  
Social Agents ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Deceptive Behavior

As the use of humanoid robots proliferates, an increasing amount of people may find themselves face-to-“face” with a robot in everyday life. Although there is a plethora of information available on facial social cues and how we interpret them in the field of human-human social interaction, we cannot assume that these findings flawlessly transfer to human-robot interaction. Therefore, more research on facial cues in human-robot interaction is required. This study investigated deception in human-robot interaction context, focusing on the effect that eye contact with a robot has on honesty towards this robot. In an iterative task, participants could assist a humanoid robot by providing it with correct information, or potentially secure a reward for themselves by providing it with incorrect information. Results show that participants are increasingly honest after the robot establishes eye contact with them, but only if this is in response to deceptive behavior. Behavior is not influenced by the establishment of eye contact if the participant is actively engaging in honest behavior. These findings support the notion that humanoid robots can be perceived as, and treated like, social agents, since the herein described effect mirrors one present in human-human social interaction.

Can infants use robot gaze for object learning?

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuko Okumura ◽  
Yasuhiro Kanakogi ◽  
Takayuki Kanda ◽  
Hiroshi Ishiguro ◽  
Shoji Itakura
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Humanoid Robot ◽  
Gaze Direction ◽  
Gaze Following ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Object Learning ◽  
Verbal Signal ◽  
Infant Learning

Previous research has shown that although infants follow the gaze direction of robots, robot gaze does not facilitate infants’ learning for objects. The present study examined whether robot gaze affects infants’ object learning when the gaze behavior was accompanied by verbalizations. Twelve-month-old infants were shown videos in which a robot with accompanying verbalizations gazed at an object. The results showed that infants not only followed the robot’s gaze direction but also preferentially attended to the cued object when the ostensive verbal signal was present. Moreover, infants showed enhanced processing of the cued object when ostensive and referential verbal signals were increasingly present. These effects were not observed when mere nonverbal sound stimuli instead of verbalizations were added. Taken together, our findings indicate that robot gaze accompanying verbalizations facilitates infants’ object learning, suggesting that verbalizations are important in the design of robot agents from which infants can learn. Keywords: gaze following; humanoid robot; infant learning; verbalization; cognitive development

scholarly journals Robot Gaze Behavior Affects Honesty in Human-Robot Interaction

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elef Schellen ◽  
Francesco Bossi ◽  
Agnieszka Wykowska
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Eye Contact ◽  
Humanoid Robots ◽  
Human Robot Interaction ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
Robot Interaction ◽  
Facial Cues ◽  
Social Agents ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Deceptive Behavior

As the use of humanoid robots proliferates, an increasing amount of people may find themselves face-to-“face” with a robot in everyday life. Although there is a plethora of information available on facial social cues and how we interpret them in the field of human-human social interaction, we cannot assume that these findings flawlessly transfer to human-robot interaction. Therefore, more research on facial cues in human-robot interaction is required. This study investigated deception in human-robot interaction context, focusing on the effect that eye contact with a robot has on honesty toward this robot. In an iterative task, participants could assist a humanoid robot by providing it with correct information, or potentially secure a reward for themselves by providing it with incorrect information. Results show that participants are increasingly honest after the robot establishes eye contact with them, but only if this is in response to deceptive behavior. Behavior is not influenced by the establishment of eye contact if the participant is actively engaging in honest behavior. These findings support the notion that humanoid robots can be perceived as, and treated like, social agents, since the herein described effect mirrors one present in human-human social interaction.

Repetitive robot behavior negatively impacts perceptions of intentionality and gaze performance in HRI

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulaziz Abubshait ◽  
Agnieszka Wykowska
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Short Exposure ◽  
Intentional Stance ◽  
Exposure Condition ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
Subjective Ratings ◽  
Gaze Cueing ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Attention Orienting ◽  
Gaze Cues

Gaze behavior is an important social signal between humans as it communicates locations of interest. People typically orient their attention to where others look, as this informs about others’ intentions and future actions. Studies have shown that humans can engage in similar gaze behavior with robots, but presumably more so when they adopt the intentional stance towards them (i.e., believing robot behaviors are intentional). In laboratory settings, the phenomenon of attending towards the direction of others’ gaze has been examined with the use of the gaze-cueing paradigm. While the gaze-cueing paradigm has been successful in investigating the relationship between adopting the intentional stance towards robots and attention orienting to gaze cues, it is unclear if the repetitiveness of the gaze-cueing paradigm influences adopting the intentional stance. Here, we examined if the duration of exposure to repetitive robot gaze behavior in a gaze-cueing task has a negative impact on subjective attribution of intentionality. Participants performed a short, medium, or long face-to-face gaze-cueing paradigm with an embodied robot while subjective ratings were collected pre and post the interaction. Results show that participants in the long exposure condition had the smallest change in their intention attribution scores, if any, while those in the short exposure condition had a positive change in their intention attribution indicating that participants attributed more intention to the robot after short interactions. The results also show that attention orienting to robot gaze-cues was positively related to how much intention was attributed to the robot, but this relationship became more negative as the length of exposure increased. On the contrary of subjective ratings, the gaze cueing effects increased as a function of the duration of exposure to repetitive behavior. The data suggest a tradeoff between the desired number of trials needed for observing various mechanisms of social cognition, such as gaze cueing effects, and the likelihood of adopting the intentional stance towards a robot.

scholarly journals Repetitive robot behavior impacts perception of intentionality and gaze-related attentional orienting.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulaziz Abubshait ◽  
Agnieszka Wykowska
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Repetitive Behavior ◽  
Short Exposure ◽  
Intentional Stance ◽  
Exposure Condition ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
Subjective Ratings ◽  
Gaze Cueing ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Gaze Cues

Gaze behavior is an important social signal between humans, as it communicates locations of interest. People typically orient their attention to where others look, as this informs about others’ intentions and future actions. Studies have shown that humans can engage in similar gaze behavior with robots, but presumably more so when they adopt the intentional stance towards them (i.e., believing robot behaviors are intentional). In laboratory settings, the phenomenon of attending towards the direction of others’ gaze has been examined with the use of the gaze-cueing paradigm. While the gaze-cueing paradigm has been successful in investigating the relationship between adopting the intentional stance towards robots and attention orient-ing to gaze cues, it is unclear if the repetitiveness of the gaze-cueing paradigm influences adopting the intentional stance. Here, we examined if the duration of exposure to repetitive robot gaze behavior in a gaze-cueing task has a negative impact on subjective attribution of intentionality. Participants performed a short, medium, or long face-to-face gaze-cueing paradigm with an embodied robot while subjective ratings were collected pre and post the interaction. Results show that participants in the long exposure condition had the smallest change in their intention attribution scores, if any, while those in the short exposure condition had a positive change in their intention attribution indicating that participants attributed more intention to the robot after short interactions. The results also show that attention orienting to ro-bot gaze-cues was positively related to how much intention was attributed to the robot, but this relationship became more negative as the length of exposure increased. In contrast to subjective ratings, the gaze cueing effects increased as a function of the duration of exposure to repetitive behavior. The data suggest a tradeoff between the desired number of trials needed for observing various mechanisms of social cognition, such as gaze cueing effects, and the likelihood of adopting the intentional stance towards a robot.

scholarly journals Humanoid Robot: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 2884-2894
Author(s):  
Dr. S. V. Viraktamath
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Humanoid Robot ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Biped Robot ◽  
Humanoid Robots ◽  
Human Robot Interaction ◽  
Human Form ◽  
Robot Interaction ◽  
Humanoid Robotics ◽  
The One

Abstract: Technology is ever evolving regardless of the current conditions. Emerging technologies have capability to change the world. Innovation is everywhere we look. One of the technologies that is emerging is Humanoid Robotics. This paper gives a review about influence of Humanoid Robot in human life also discuss the appearance of various robots. Artists, engineers and scientists have all been inspired by the human body and intellect. Humanoid Robotics is focused with the creation of robots that are inspired directly by human abilities. A humanoid robot is the one with a body that is designed to look like a human. Humanoid Robots imitate characteristics of human form and behaviour selectively. The robot could be used for practical purposes, such as interacting with human equipment and environments or for research purposes, such as investigating biped walking. Keywords: Biped Robot, Degrees of Freedom, Humanoid Robot, Human-Robot Interaction

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