scholarly journals Medial and lateral orbitofrontal cortices represent unique components of cognitive maps of task space

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Bradfield ◽  
Genevra Hart
Keyword(s):  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Mental Model ◽  
Cognitive Maps ◽  
Initial Position ◽  
Terminal State ◽  
Cognitive Map ◽  
Task Space ◽  
Functional Heterogeneity ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Broad Array

The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) has recently been proposed to function as a cognitive map oftask space: a mental model of the various steps involved in a task. This idea has proven popularbecause it provides a cohesive explanation for a number of disparate findings regarding the OFC’srole in a broad array of tasks. Concurrently, mounting evidence has begun to reveal the functional heterogeneity of OFC subregions, particularly the medial and lateral OFC. How these subregions might uniquely contribute to the OFC’s role as a cognitive map of task space, however, has not been explored. Here we propose that the lateral OFC represents the agent’s initial position within that task map (i.e. initial state), determining which actions are available as a consequence of that position, whereas the medial OFC represents the agent’s desired future position within the task map(i.e. terminal state), influencing which actions are selected to achieve that position. We argue thatthese processes are achieved somewhat independently and somewhat interdependently, and are achieved through similar but non-identical circuitry.

scholarly journals Orbitofrontal Cortex as a Cognitive Map of Task Space

Neuron ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert C. Wilson ◽  
Yuji K. Takahashi ◽  
Geoffrey Schoenbaum ◽  
Yael Niv
Keyword(s):  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Cognitive Map ◽  
Task Space

The orbitofrontal cartographer

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew P H Gardner ◽  
Geoffrey Schoenbaum
Keyword(s):  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Cognitive Map ◽  
Credit Assignment ◽  
General Consensus ◽  
Future Events ◽  
Causal Structures ◽  
Precise Content ◽  
Successes And Failures

Theories of orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) function have evolved substantially over the last few decades. There is now a general consensus that the OFC is important for predicting aspects of future events and for using these predictions to guide behavior. Yet the precise content of these predictions and the degree to which OFC contributes to agency contingent upon them has become contentious, with several plausible theories advocating different answers to these questions. In this review we will focus on three of these ideas - the economic value, credit assignment, and cognitive map hypotheses – describing both their successes and failures. We will propose that these failures hint at a more nuanced role for the OFC in supporting the proposed functions when an underlying model or map of the causal structures in the environment must be constructed or updated.

A Maxmin Distance Problem

1972 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Aggarwal ◽  
G. Leitmann
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Distance ◽  
Terminal State ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Closed Set ◽  
Distance Problem

The problem of maximizing the minimum distance of a dynamical system’s state from a given closed set, while transferring the system from a given initial state to a given terminal state, is considered. Two different methods of solution of this problem are given.

scholarly journals The Shallow Cognitive Map Hypothesis: A Hippocampal framework for Thought Disorder in Schizophrenia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayesha Musa ◽  
Safia Khan ◽  
Minahil Mujahid ◽  
Mohamady
Keyword(s):  
Dynamical Systems ◽  
Cognitive Mapping ◽  
Cognitive Maps ◽  
Cognitive Map ◽  
Thought Disorder ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Relational Knowledge ◽  
Psychological Theories ◽  
Major Chemical ◽  
Systems Framework

Memories are not formed in isolation. They are associated and organized into relational knowledge structures that allow coherent thought. Failure to express such coherent thought is a key hallmark of Schizophrenia. Here we explore the hypothesis that thought disorder arises from disorganized Hippocampal cognitive maps. In doing so, we combine insights from two key lines of investigation, one concerning the neural signatures of cognitive mapping, and another that seeks to understand lower-level cellular mechanisms of cognition within a dynamical systems framework. Specifically, we propose that multiple distinct pathological pathways converge on the shallowing of Hippocampal attractors, giving rise to disorganized Hippocampal cognitive maps and driving thought disorder. We discuss the available evidence at the computational, behavioural, network and cellular levels. We also outline testable predictions from this framework including how it could unify major chemical and psychological theories of schizophrenia and how it can provide a rationale for understanding the aetiology and treatment of the disease.

scholarly journals Bilingual cognitive map in the space of teaching public administration: a russian case

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (20) ◽  
pp. 81-88
Author(s):  
Mariia Rubtcova ◽  
Oleg Pavenkov ◽  
Vladimir Pavenkov
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
Cognitive Maps ◽  
Cognitive Map ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Bilingual Programs ◽  
Closed Area ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Map Approach

The introduction of bilingual programs for future bureaucrats turned out to be a great challenge. In Russia this is one of the “classic” areas, in which the spirit of conservatism and collectivism prevails. In this area, the idea of teaching in English may be perceived with hatred: English can invade the closed area communication of offi cials, to make the excessive diversity of their contacts and violate patriotism and national identity. We used a cognitive map approach. It allows us to create diff erent kinds of cognitive maps and teaching materials for university students who need to learn in one course the terminology in both languages. The results show that the study of the subject/course in English is not harmful to the development of professional Russian language. It was confi rmed by the individual discussion in Russian. At the same time, the skills of reading articles in English were signifi cantly improved.

Differences in Spatial Knowledge of Individuals With Blindness When Using Audiotactile Maps, Using Tactile Maps, and Walking

2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 330-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantinos Papadopoulos ◽  
Marialena Barouti ◽  
Eleni Koustriava
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Information ◽  
Visual Impairments ◽  
Cognitive Maps ◽  
Cognitive Map ◽  
Spatial Knowledge ◽  
Spatial Coding ◽  
Direct Experience ◽  
Tactile Maps ◽  
Experimental Trials ◽  
Blind Individuals

To examine how individuals with visual impairments understand space and the way they develop cognitive maps, we studied the differences in cognitive maps resulting from different methods and tools for spatial coding in large geographical spaces. We examined the ability of 21 blind individuals to create cognitive maps of routes in unfamiliar areas using (a) audiotactile maps, (b) tactile maps, and (c) direct experience of movement along the routes. We also compared participants’ cognitive maps created with the use of audiotactile maps, tactile maps, and independent movement along the routes with regard to their precision (i.e., the correctness or incorrectness of spatial information location) and inclusiveness (i.e., the amount of spatial information included correctly in the cognitive map). The results of the experimental trials demonstrated that becoming familiar with an area is easier for blind individuals when they use a tactile aide, such as an audiotactile map, as compared with walking along the route.

The ontogeny of a mammalian cognitive map in the real world

Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 369 (6500) ◽  
pp. 194-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Harten ◽  
Amitay Katz ◽  
Aya Goldshtein ◽  
Michal Handel ◽  
Yossi Yovel
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cognitive Maps ◽  
Cognitive Map ◽  
Interindividual Differences ◽  
The Real ◽  
Fruit Bat ◽  
Wild Fruit ◽  
In The Wild

How animals navigate over large-scale environments remains a riddle. Specifically, it is debated whether animals have cognitive maps. The hallmark of map-based navigation is the ability to perform shortcuts, i.e., to move in direct but novel routes. When tracking an animal in the wild, it is extremely difficult to determine whether a movement is truly novel because the animal’s past movement is unknown. We overcame this difficulty by continuously tracking wild fruit bat pups from their very first flight outdoors and over the first months of their lives. Bats performed truly original shortcuts, supporting the hypothesis that they can perform large-scale map-based navigation. We documented how young pups developed their visual-based map, exemplifying the importance of exploration and demonstrating interindividual differences.

Control synthesis of a class of DEDS

Kybernetes ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 31 (9/10) ◽  
pp. 1274-1281 ◽  
Author(s):  
František Čapkovič
Keyword(s):  
Discrete Event ◽  
Synthesis Method ◽  
Terminal State ◽  
The State ◽  
Synthesis Process ◽  
Control Synthesis ◽  
Discrete Event Dynamic Systems ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Output Place ◽  
Reachability Tree

A new control synthesis method suitable for a special kind of discrete event dynamic systems (DEDS) is presented in this paper. The systems to be controlled are modelled by a special class of Petri nets (PN) named state machine (SM). The class is distinctive by the fact that each PN transition has only one input place and only one output place. Bipartite directed graphs (BDG) are utilized in the control synthesis process. Namely, PN in general are (from the structure point of view) the BDG. Both the state reachability tree and the corresponding control one are developed in the straight‐line procedure starting from the given initial state and directed to the desirable terminal one as well as in the backtracking procedure starting from the terminal state and directed to the initial one. After a suitable intersection of both the straight‐lined state reachability tree and the backtracking one the state trajectories of the system are obtained. After the intersection of both the straight‐lined control reachability tree and the backtracking one the control interferences corresponding to the state trajectories are obtained.

FUZZY COGNITIVE MAPS WITH GENETIC ALGORITHM FOR GOAL-ORIENTED DECISION SUPPORT

2004 ◽  
Vol 12 (supp02) ◽  
pp. 31-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. SHAMIM KHAN ◽  
SEBASTIAN KHOR ◽  
ALEX CHONG
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Genetic Algorithms ◽  
Decision Support ◽  
Directed Graphs ◽  
Cognitive Maps ◽  
Fuzzy Cognitive Maps ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Initial Stimulus ◽  
Over Time

Fuzzy cognitive maps are signed directed graphs used to model the evolution of scenarios with time. FCMs can be useful in decision support for predicting future states given an initial state. Genetic algorithms (GA) are well-established tools for optimization. This paper concerns the use of FCMs in goal-directed analysis of scenarios for aiding decision making. A methodology for GA-based goal-directed analysis is presented. The search for the initial stimulus state, that over time leads to a target state of interest, is optimized using GA. This initial state found can be used to answer the question – what course of events leads to a certain state in a given scenario?

The Hydrogen Molecular Ion With Time-Dependent Magnetic Field Strength as Control

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine A. Kime
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Field Strength ◽  
Magnetic Field Strength ◽  
Terminal State ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Hydrogen Molecular Ion ◽  
Molecular Ion ◽  
Prolate Spheroidal Coordinates ◽  
Spheroidal Coordinates

We consider the hydrogen molecular ion with time-dependent magnetic field strength. We discretize the corresponding Schroedinger equation with the Hamiltonian written in prolate spheroidal coordinates. We formulate a control problem and give an example of steering a restricted initial state to a restricted terminal state.

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