scholarly journals Implicit binding between predictive relations

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Leshinskaya ◽  
Mira Bajaj ◽  
Sharon L. Thompson-Schill
Keyword(s):  
Relational Information ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
Predictive Relations ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Mind ◽  
New Evidence

Knowledge of predictive relations is a core aspect of learning. Beyond individual relations, we also represent intuitive theories of the world, which include interrelated sets of relations. We asked whether individual predictive relations learned incidentally in the same context become automatically associatively bound and whether they influence later learning. Participants performed a cover task while watching three sequences of events. Each sequence contained the same set of events, but differed in how the events related to each other. The first two sequences each had two strong predictive relations (R1 & R2, and R3 & R4). The third contained either a consistent pairing of relations (R1 & R2) or an inconsistent pairing (R1 & R3). We found that participants’ learning of the individual relations in the third sequence was affected by pairing consistency, suggesting the mind associates relations to each other as part of the intrinsic way it learns about the world. This was despite participants’ minimal ability to verbally describe most of the relations they had learned. Thus, participants spontaneously developed the expectation that pairs of relations should cohere, and this affected their ability to learn new evidence. Such associative binding of relational information may help us build intuitive theories.

Hawthorne on Romantic Love and the Status of Women

PMLA ◽  
1954 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-98
Author(s):  
Morton Cronin
Keyword(s):  
Romantic Love ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Hester Prynne ◽  
Status Of Women

The women that Hawthorne created divide rather neatly into three groups. Such fragile creatures as Alice Pyncheon and Priscilla, who are easily dominated by other personalities, form one of these groups. Another is made up of bright, self-reliant, and wholesome girls, such as Ellen Langton, Phoebe, and Hilda. The third consists of women whose beauty, intellect, and strength of will raise them to heroic proportions and make them fit subjects for tragedy. Hester Prynne, Zenobia, and Miriam—these women are capable of tilting with the world and risking their souls on the outcome. With them in particular Hawthorne raises and answers the question of the proper status of women in society and the relation, whether subordinate or superior, that love should bear to the other demands that life makes upon the individual. With the other types Hawthorne fills out his response to that question.

scholarly journals The Theory of Thinking and the Capacity to Mentalize: A Comparison of Fonagy's and Bion's Models

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Mantilla Lagos
Keyword(s):  
Mental States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Developmental Line ◽  
The Way

This paper presents a comparison of two psychoanalytic models of how human beings learn to use their mental capacities to know meaningfully about the world. The first, Fonagy's model of mentalization, is concerned with the development of a self capable of reflecting upon its own and others' mental states, based on feelings, thoughts, intentions, and desires. The other, Bion's model of thinking, is about the way thoughts are dealt with by babies, facilitating the construction of a thinking apparatus within a framework of primitive ways of communication between mother and baby. The theories are compared along three axes: (a) an axis of the theoretical and philosophical backgrounds of the models; (b) an axis of the kind of evidence that supports them; and (c) the third axis of the technical implications of the ideas of each model. It is concluded that, although the models belong to different theoretical and epistemological traditions and are supported by different sorts of evidence, they may be located along the same developmental line using an intersubjective framework that maintains tension between the intersubjective and the intrapsychic domains of the mind.

scholarly journals AL-I’JAZ BAYNA AL-TAHLIL WA AL-TALAQQI LADAY ‘ULAMA’ AL-QARNAYN AL-RABI’ WA AL-KHAMIS

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Abeer Obeid Al-Shbiel ◽  
Qusaiyen Aly
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Methods ◽  
The Third ◽  
Abbasid Caliphate ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Mind

There are various reasons for our choice of this period of the scientific Arab history: the first is the richness in thought, culture, philosophy and experimentation, following the internationalization of the peoples of the Abbasid Caliphate. The second is the maturity of the individual creative tools of scientists in most fields of knowledge, especially in the linguistic ones which formed the basis from which all Arab sciences sprang. Based on the above, we follow the analytical methods of miracle scholars. The first of these scholars was Ramani, who was interested in individual performances and in rhetorical art in its individuality. The second was Abu Suleiman al-Khattabi, who preoccupied himself with researching in the depths of the problem. The third was Baqalani Abu Bakr Muhammad, the author of the theory of equanimity and inequality. The fourth was judge Abduljabbar who tried to link between the mind and language. The fifth was Abdulqahir Al-Jerjani, the founder of the theory of systems. Indeed each of these scholars has studied the issue of Quranic miracle in a way which suited their methods, and then discussed the ways his views were received in private and in public. We claim that we have paid special attention to the specificity of grammar as a basis, for all of them, for the study of miracles, and none of them has been freed from the study of poetry. However, Al-Jarjani attributed poetry as the necessary basis for the knowledge of miracles, and we did come out with some conclusions which we have noted at the end of our research.

scholarly journals IMAGE OF THE FUTURE: DESIGN AND REPRESENTATION

2020 ◽  
pp. 84-95
Author(s):  
M. K. Kremenchutska ◽  
І. V. Dobrynina
Keyword(s):  
Mental Representations ◽  
Holistic View ◽  
Future Design ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Images Of The Future ◽  
The Impact ◽  
World Image

Problem statement. It is shown that the main scientific vectors of the study of the personality image of the future can be considered philosophical, sociological, psychophysiological and psychological. In psychology, the future is revealed as a property of the mental. It is determined that the psychological phenomenology of the image of the future is that it is a holistic view of the individual about the future. It is in the mind and constantly affects behavior, activities, and its emotional state. The ability of an individual to construct his own future is due to the peculiarities of his individual psychological representations. This aspect is little studied in psychological science.  The purpose of the article is to present methods and techniques of research of representations and designing the world image of the future by the person. Results of the research. It is noted that the process of forming the image of the future is not only a vision of the end result, but also the impact on the assessment of behavior, consolidation of moral, volitional, intellectual efforts to realize their own expectations. This emphasizes the subjective nature of this process. In the framework of the research of mental representations and the peculiarities of constructing personality images of the future in a particular individual context were identified the mediative and moderative components that influence this phenomenon. The author’s method of assessing the world image of the future is presented. It is a technique of subjective scaling — that is, it shows how the individual imagines his future. To assess the relationship between the studied indicators, which are operationalized as concepts of psychosemantic analysis, a multidimensional deployment was used. Conclusions and prospects for further research. It is concluded that the psychosemantic approach is the most informative in the identified abilities of the individual to construct images of their own future. It is noted that the prospects for further research will be to identify the re lationship between forms and strategies for building mental representations of the image of the future with strategies for individual behavior in difficult life situations.

scholarly journals Dualism or Duality?

1913 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Wright Buckham
Keyword(s):  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
Principle Of Duality ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Universe

Do we live in an intrinsically rent and warring world? or is the schism only apparent, veiling a fundamental and all-pervasive harmony? or is the universe of such a nature as to admit of a conflict which, though it has sprung up within it, is not of it?These three possibilities offer themselves to the mind that is trying to push through the world of appearances into the world of reality. The first is the conclusion of Dualism. The second is the conclusion of Monism. The third is an undifferentiated, but long prevalent and well-grounded, conviction, sometimes wrongly identified with dualism, sometimes with monism, but in reality independent of both. For want of a better term we may call it the principle of Duality.

Inédit 2 (1984): Les universaux de la narrativité

Semiotica ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (214) ◽  
Author(s):  
Algirdas J. Greimas ◽  
Paul Perron
Keyword(s):  
Life Sciences ◽  
Human Sciences ◽  
University Of Toronto ◽  
Middle Way ◽  
Comprehensive Theory ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
Propositional Form ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Mind

AbstractThis lecture delivered at Victoria College, University of Toronto, concentrates on defining the status to be accorded to any universals. Underlining his desire that semiotics avoid epistemological dissensions and focus instead on establishing its effectiveness, Greimas recalls that he has adopted an “agnostic” constructivist stance and thus declined to affirm whether universals exist in the world or only in the mind. Following Hjelmslev’s middle way, he has identified a set of undefinable terms, then employed them to define each other in a coherent deductive axiomatic. Empirically, he distinguishes different kinds of universals. Absolutely necessary such terms include the interdependent concepts of description and relation. He further distinguishes between paradigmatic and syntagmatic universals. The former notably include the elementary category of the collective semantic universe, nature-culture, and that of the individual semantic universe, life-death. For his fundamental syntactic universal, Greimas declined to adopt the traditional propositional form comprising subject, copula, and predicate, and has opted instead for an alternative featuring a verbal kernel to which are articulated actants defined through grammatical cases. Semiotics identifies these and other hypothetical universals as metalinguistic terms which describe language and other systems of representation, and which define the conditions of their production and comprehension. In contrast to narratology, semiotics thus situates narrative universals within a comprehensive theory of meaning, with a goal to develop the bases of the human sciences in a manner parallel to the foundations of the life sciences.

scholarly journals Ken Donald and Muscular Christianity

2008 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 305
Author(s):  
Mark Loane
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Physical Development ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Public ◽  
Playing Field ◽  
The World ◽  
Muscular Christianity ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Mind

?MUSCULAR CHRISTIANITY? was a system which relied upon sport to allow people to grow in a moral and spiritual way along with their physical development. It was thought that . . . in the playing field boys acquire virtues which no books can give them; not merely daring and endurance, but, better still temper, self restraint, fairness, honor, unenvious approbation of another?s success, and all that ?give and take? of life which stand a man in good stead when he goes forth into the world, and without which, indeed, his success is always maimed and partial [Kingsley cited from Haley, in Watson et al].1 This system of thought held that a man?s body is given him to be trained and brought into subjection and then used for the protection of the weak, the advancement of all righteous causes [Hughes, cited in Watson et al].1 The body . . . [is] . . . a vehicle by which through gesture the soul could speak [Blooomfield, cited in Watson et al].1 In the 1800s there was a strong alignment of Muscular Christianity and the game of Rugby: If the Muscular Christians and their disciples in the public schools, given sufficient wit, had been asked to invent a game that exhausted boys before they could fall victims to vice and idleness, which at the same time instilled the manly virtues of absorbing and inflicting pain in about equal proportions, which elevated the team above the individual, which bred courage, loyalty and discipline, which as yet had no taint of professionalism and which, as an added bonus, occupied 30 boys at a time instead of a mere twenty two, it is probably something like rugby that they would have devised. [Dobbs, cited in Watson et al]1 The idea of Muscular Christianity came from the Greek ideals of athleticism that comprise the development of an excellent mind contained within an excellent body. Plato stated that one must avoid exercising either the mind or body without the other to preserve an equal and healthy balance between the two.

scholarly journals Windows of the Soul in the Worldview of Philo of Alexandria

Perichoresis ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-20
Author(s):  
Aurelian Botica
Keyword(s):  
Paradigm Shifts ◽  
Alexander The Great ◽  
Philo Of Alexandria ◽  
Cultural Changes ◽  
The World ◽  
Life Of The Mind ◽  
History Of ◽  
Christian Thought ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Mind

Abstract One of the most important paradigm shifts in the history of Greek philosophy was the ‘rediscovery’ of transcendence in the movement of Intermediate Platonism. Less than a century before the birth of Hellenism (late 4th century BC), Plato had advocated an intentional preoccupation with the life of the mind / soul, encouraging the individual to avoid being entrapped in the material limitations of life and instead discover its transcendental dimension. The conquest of Athens by the Macedonians, followed by the invasion of the Orient by Alexander the Great, set in motion sociological and cultural changes that challenged the relevance of Platonic philosophy. The transcendental vision of Platonism left the individual still struggling to find happiness in the world created by Alexander the Great. This was the context in which the schools the of Cynicism, Stoicism, Epicureanism and Skepticism challenged Platonism with their call to happiness in this world and by means of the Hellenistic dominance and the rise of Roman supremacy stirred a renewed spiritual and philosophical effort to rediscover the world beyond; that is, the transcendental world of Plato. This was Middle Platonism and the Jewish philosopher Philo of Alexandria was one of its most prolific writers. In this paper, we will examine the concept of the soul in the writings of Philo, with an emphasis on the role that the soul plays in the act of approaching God through the means of the external / material cult (Temple, sacrifices, priests, etc.). Philo offers a complex vision of the soul, one that remains critically relevant to understanding the Greek, Jewish, and Christian thought that emerged after Philo.

scholarly journals Estetiche della percezione

2007 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Work Of Art ◽  
Symbolic Form ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Arts ◽  
The World ◽  
Lively Debate ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Contemporary Artists

This book is a continuation of the lively debate launched in Dall'oggetto estetico all'oggetto artistico which the same editors published with Firenze University Press. The argument of the book is the organic link connecting the two thematic axes that define the ambit of aesthetics: the theory of perception and reflection on the arts. The apparent tautology of the title is intended to stress how the interpenetration of perception and work of art is structural and organic, thus calling up the theoretical urgency of this problem for an effective understanding of the dynamics of the sense of art as a "symbolic form" in which the relation between the mind and the world is embodied in an exemplary manner. The book is divided into three sections. The first presents nuclei of reflection emerging from unconventional contemporary perspectives. The second addresses various angles of the theory of perception. Finally, the third part explores several cases in which contemporary artists have tackled the link between expressive practice and the articulation of perception.

scholarly journals BREAKTHROUGH METHODOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS OF A NEW POSTNON-CLASSICAL HUMAN-SCALE SCIENCE IN THE FIELD OF ECONOMIC SCIENCES

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Life Activity ◽  
The Third ◽  
Social Nature ◽  
Human Scale ◽  
Economic Production ◽  
The World ◽  
The Individual

A way out of the deepening global crisis is possible through a fundamental change in the methodology for realizing holistic reality. The traditional mechanics-materialistic science clearly ignores the integrity of the world and man, his spirituality. Trialectics as a true method of comprehending the living integral world and developing in its course a new personal methodology is based on the recognition of the three-pointed personality ‒ the spiritual and bio-social nature of man, the specificity of which as a representative of a special conscious natural kind is determined by humanity, in which the freedom of personal benevolent creativity lies. The three-person nature of a man, his humanity, is reflected in unome as the initial deep-seated code of human life-unfolding — a potential universality-quality of the life process of unfolding a personality that reaches its highest form in every act of a personality when its self-realization acquires the personal quality of freedom-responsibility. The comprehension of the unom, which includes the genome and the memon, is aimed at setting the purity of the transformations of the economy of human senses-values, which allow exploring the deep spiritual and semantic unity of the separate economic entities. Unomics is a new fateful science of humanity, which aims to explore and substantiate the benevolent format of the life activity of the individual-microcosm act, based on the understanding-deployment of the syncretic dimension of the value-semantic Universe (macrocosm). It requires a spiritually experienced, existential basis for the knowledge of an economic person, which asserts the supremacy of the individual. The format «unomics ‒ globalistics» is revealed. In understanding the unom of the personality, the primary role is played by the problem of studying its existentials, which define the meanings of life ‒ economic production that is productive for humanity. Three main existentials of human existence are: spirituality, freedom and responsibility (V. Frankl). Their comprehension in the new format of trialectics allowed to go deeper into the understanding of the existential «freedom-responsibility». The third existential in the being of a human is love.

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