Toxoplasma gondii as a prevalent model for a positive history of mental illness

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mladen Cimesa
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Antisocial Behavior ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Abnormal Behavior ◽  
Positive History ◽  
Proper Functioning ◽  
History Of

Toxoplasma gondii is a parasite, specifically single-celled intracellular protozoa. His presence is recorded in most warm-blooded organisms, and therefore also in humans. T gondii has developed a special brain tropism, so this parasite is closely linked to mental illness. The correlation between T gondii and schizophrenia is at the forefront of research and is supported by many evidence, but further research points to other psychopathologies such as bipolar disorder and depression. The prevalence of T gondi is found in the form of antisocial behavior in which we include aggression as well as the percentage of suicides that are also detected. Toxoplasmosis is a parasite that plays a role in etiopathogenesis because it sabotages the proper functioning of the neurotransmitter, especially dopamine, which is one of the determinants of mental illness because its irregular and disruptive secretion induces abnormal behavior. This paper deals with the demonstration of the connection between T gondii and mental illnesses in order to better understand the pathogenesis of certain mental disorders caused by this parasite, and points to caution and prevention

A brief history of the criminalization of mental illness

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 638-650 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel A. Dvoskin ◽  
James L. Knoll ◽  
Mollie Silva
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Community Mental Health ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
Serious Mental Illnesses

This article traces the history of the way in which mental disorders were viewed and treated, from before the birth of Christ to the present day. Special attention is paid to the process of deinstitutionalization in the United States and the failure to create an adequately robust community mental health system to care for the people who, in a previous era, might have experienced lifelong hospitalization. As a result, far too many people with serious mental illnesses are living in jails and prisons that are ill-suited and unprepared to meet their needs.

Effect of Marriage on Pre-existing Psychoses: A Convenient or Futile Solution for Severe Mental Disorders?

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 273-276
Author(s):  
Prakash B. Behere ◽  
Aniruddh P. Behere ◽  
Debolina Chowdhury ◽  
Amit B. Nagdive ◽  
Richa Yadav
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Social Stigma ◽  
Positive Family History ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Antipsychotic Treatment ◽  
Contractual Relationship ◽  
History Of ◽  
Paranoid Type

Marriage can be defined as the state of being united as spouses in a consensual and contractual relationship recognized by law. The general population generally believes marriage to be a solution to mental illnesses. It can be agreed that mental disorders and marital issues have some relation. Parents of patients with psychoses expect that marriage is the solution to the illness and often approach doctors and seek validation about the success of the marriage of their mentally ill child, which is a guarantee no doctor can give in even normal circumstances. Evidence on sexual functioning in patients of psychosis is limited and needs further understanding. Studies show about 60%–70% women of the schizophrenia spectrum and illness to experience sexual difficulties. Based on available information, sexual dysfunction in population with psychosis can be attributed to a variety of psychosocial factors, ranging from the psychotic symptoms in itself to social stigma and institutionalization and also due to the antipsychotic treatment. Despite the decline in sexual activity and quality of life in general, it is very rarely addressed by both the treating doctor and by the patient themselves hence creating a lacuna in the patient’s care and availability of information regarding the illness’ pathophysiology. Patients become noncompliant with medications due to this undesirable effect and hence it requires to be given more attention during treatment. It was also found that paranoid type of schizophrenia patient had lower chances of separation than patients with other types of schizophrenia. The risk of relapse in cases with later age of onset of the disease, lower education, a positive family history of psychosis or a lower income increased more than other populations.

scholarly journals Latent profiles of early developmental vulnerabilities in a New South Wales child population at age 5 years

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 530-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa J Green ◽  
Stacy Tzoumakis ◽  
Kristin R Laurens ◽  
Kimberlie Dean ◽  
Maina Kariuki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
New South ◽  
Criminal Offending ◽  
Parental History ◽  
South Wales ◽  
History Of

Objective: Detecting the early emergence of childhood risk for adult mental disorders may lead to interventions for reducing subsequent burden of these disorders. We set out to determine classes of children who may be at risk for later mental disorder on the basis of early patterns of development in a population cohort, and associated exposures gleaned from linked administrative records obtained within the New South Wales Child Development Study. Methods: Intergenerational records from government departments of health, education, justice and child protection were linked with the Australian Early Development Census for a state population cohort of 67,353 children approximately 5 years of age. We used binary data from 16 subdomains of the Australian Early Development Census to determine classes of children with shared patterns of Australian Early Development Census–defined vulnerability using latent class analysis. Covariates, which included demographic features (sex, socioeconomic status) and exposure to child maltreatment, parental mental illness, parental criminal offending and perinatal adversities (i.e. birth complications, smoking during pregnancy, low birth weight), were examined hierarchically within latent class analysis models. Results: Four classes were identified, reflecting putative risk states for mental disorders: (1) disrespectful and aggressive/hyperactive behaviour, labelled ‘misconduct risk’ ( N = 4368; 6.5%); (2) ‘pervasive risk’ ( N = 2668; 4.0%); (3) ‘mild generalised risk’ ( N = 7822; 11.6%); and (4) ‘no risk’ ( N = 52,495; 77.9%). The odds of membership in putative risk groups (relative to the no risk group) were greater among children from backgrounds of child maltreatment, parental history of mental illness, parental history of criminal offending, socioeconomic disadvantage and perinatal adversities, with distinguishable patterns of association for some covariates. Conclusion: Patterns of early childhood developmental vulnerabilities may provide useful indicators for particular mental disorder outcomes in later life, although their predictive utility in this respect remains to be established in longitudinal follow-up of the cohort.

scholarly journals Moral Treatment: Philippe Pinel

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mrs. Sushma. C ◽  
Dr. Meghamala. S. Tavaragi
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Social Stress ◽  
Psychiatric Care ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Demonic Possession ◽  
Moral Treatment ◽  
Modern Psychiatry ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time

Philippe Pinel a pioneer, a french psychiatrist, a physician, known as father of modern psychiatry, revolutions psychiatric care of patients with mental illness by introducing concept of moral treatment. Pinel rejected the then prevailing popular notion that mental illness was caused by demonic possession and stated that mental disorders could be caused by a variety of factors including psychological or social stress, congenital conditions, or physiological injury, psychological damage, or heredity. Philippe Pinel for the first time in history of psychiatric patients treated them humanly by unchaining patients known as madmen. This historic event was done for first time in Bicêtre Hospital in 1798 a Parisian insane asylum. In this article a brief history of life and work of pioneer Philippe Pinel is mentioned.

A social history of serious mental illness

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 584-592
Author(s):  
Brendan Daugherty ◽  
Katherine Warburton ◽  
Stephen M. Stahl
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Social History ◽  
Serious Mental Illness ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Reform And Innovation ◽  
Serious Mental Illnesses

Despite medical, technological, and humanitarian advances, the criminalization of those with serious mental illness continues. This is not an isolated phenomenon. The benefits of treatment reform and innovation are difficult to maintain or sometimes outright harmful. Across time and geography, the care of those with serious mental illness tends towards maltreatment, be it criminalization or other forms of harm. We present a social history of serious mental illness, along with the idea that the treatment of serious mental illness is a Sisyphean task—perpetually pushing a boulder up a hill, only for it to roll down and start again. The history is provided as a basis for deeper reflection of treatment, and treatment reform, of those with serious mental illnesses.

scholarly journals Traditional faith healers as referral sources: A hospital-based descriptive study

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-50
Author(s):  
D.K. Thapa ◽  
N. Lamichhane ◽  
S. Subedi
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
General Observation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Faith Healer ◽  
Common Notion

Introduction: Mental illnesses are commonly linked with a higher disability and burden of disease than many physical illnesses. But despite that fact, it is a general observation that a majority of patients with mental disorder never seek professional help. To elaborate further, the widely prevalent magico-religious beliefs associated with mental illness and lower literacy, poses significant social obstacles in seeking appropriate health care for psychiatric patients. In general, mental illness is seen as related to life stresses, social or family conflicts and evil spirits and the concept of biological causes of mental illness is rare even among the educated. The idea that illness and death are due to malevolent spirits is common notion that is shared practically by all level of society from the so-called primitive to modern industrialized societies, thus indicating the strong influences of cultural background. When there is a magico- religious concepts of disease causation, there is tendency to consult indigenous healers. Therefore, the patients with mental illness often either visit or are taken to faith healers by their relatives. The objective of the study was to determine the various psychiatric cases that were referred by the traditional faith healers to the authors. Material and Method: This is a cross- sectional, hospital- based descriptive study, conducted at the Psychiatric outpatient department of Pokhara Om Hospital, Pokhara, Kaski, Nepal for the period of one year, from June 2016 to May 2017. The total of 35 cases, referred by the traditional faith healers was included in the study. Subjects of any age, any gender, any literacy level, any caste, from any locality and religious background were included in the study after their consent. Subjects who refused to consent were not included in the study. The psychiatric diagnosis was based on the complete history and examination and ICD- 10 DRC criteria. Results: Though the sample size is small, it is interesting to note that patients with various kinds of mental disorders were referred by traditional faith healers. There were patients suffering from neurotic disorders, psychotic disorders, mood disorders, seizure, substance use disorder, intellectual disability etc seeking the treatment from traditional faith healers. Among the cases referred, predominantly were female and neurotic cases. Most patients were educated. Conclusion: The study shows that patients with various mental disorders visit traditional faith healer. This area surely requires further in-depth look as traditional faith healers can be an important source of referral of psychiatric patients.

scholarly journals Mentally Sick or Not—(Bio)Markers of Psychiatric Disorders Needed

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 2375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Napoleon Waszkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Developmental Disorders ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Major Depression Disorder ◽  
Wide Group ◽  
Substance Related Disorders ◽  
Depression Disorder

Psychiatric disorders, also called mental illnesses or mental disorders, constitute a wide group of disorders including major depression disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD), schizophrenia (SCZ) and other psychoses, anxiety disorders (ANX), substance-related disorders (SRD), dementia, developmental disorders e [...]

scholarly journals Needs of women patients with mental illness

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosalind Ramsay ◽  
Sarah Welch ◽  
Elizabeth Youard
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Childhood Sexual Abuse ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Women Patients ◽  
Specific Disorders ◽  
Gender Specific

Women patients suffer from a range of mental disorders similar to those that men may experience. However, there are some striking differences in the prevalence of specific disorders, and in their presentation and management. Some mental illnesses only occur in women. It seems that women patients may have a different experience of treatment, a consequence of differences in their needs and also of the way that health professionals perceive those needs. These differences are embedded in the wider cultural milieu in which we live. There are particular issues for women patients in relation to, for example, childhood sexual abuse, rape and domestic violence. At present, tools to measure needs of individual patients are generally not gender specific.

Revisiting the canons of psychiatry: Teaching the fundamentals of CATIE, STAR*D, and STEP-BD to family medicine residents

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 455-463
Author(s):  
Kevin P Brazill ◽  
Stephen Warnick ◽  
Christopher White
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Family Medicine ◽  
Care Setting ◽  
Behavioral Science ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Residency Programs ◽  
Home Residency ◽  
Treatment Alternatives ◽  
Family Medicine Residents

Family medicine physicians are often the first providers to encounter and identify mental illness in their patients. Having a solid understanding of three landmark studies—Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE), Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D), and Systemic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD)—can significantly improve a family medicine physician’s approach to mental illness and treatment choices, ultimately improving patient outcomes. Each of these studies has generated dozens of publications and consolidating the fundamentals of each one is essential for a resident to retain and implement findings in a real-world setting when treating patients with schizophrenia, depression, and bipolar disorder. When presented at the 38th Forum for Behavioral Science in Family Medicine in Chicago, IL, in September 2017, learners answered pre- and post-presentation questions about the treatment and guidelines pertaining to the three studies. Discussion leaders—physicians double-boarded in family medicine and psychiatry—presented key findings, clinical guidelines generated from each study, and updates since their respective publications. At the conclusion of the talk, participants received access to a slide deck and one-page summary for use in teaching at their home residency programs. Here, we present a framework for teaching family medicine residents three important canons of psychiatry with the goal of better management of three commonly encountered mental illnesses in the primary care setting.

Conceptualizing mental disorders in children: Where have we been and where are we going?

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 713-735 ◽  
Author(s):  
JENNIFER S. SILK ◽  
SANJAY R. NATH ◽  
LORI R. SIEGEL ◽  
PHILIP C. KENDALL
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Social Conventions ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Child Diagnosis ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
History Of ◽  
American Children

Conceptions of mental illness in children are bound by cultural and social conventions of what constitutes healthy and unhealthy development. To understand current conceptualizations of disorders in children, we review the history of these conceptualizations from three intertwined perspectives: a sociopolitical history of American children and families, the history of the mental health fields and scientific disciplines involved in diagnosing children, and the evolution of children's role in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. We review where the field has been in its conception of childhood mental illness throughout the past century, where we believe it is now, and raise questions about the direction in which child diagnosis may be headed as we enter the new millennium. We conclude with social policy recommendations based on theory and research regarding mental disorders in children.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document