scholarly journals Approach, Avoidance, and the Perception of Credibility

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl Ask ◽  
Sofia Calderon ◽  
Erik Mac Giolla ◽  
Marc-André Reinhard
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Position Effect ◽  
Functional Approach ◽  
Approach And Avoidance ◽  
Motor Action ◽  
Total N ◽  
Evaluative Dimension ◽  
Arm Position ◽  
Approach Avoidance

Based on a functional approach to credibility judgments, the authors hypothesize that receivers’ judgments of senders’ credibility involve an evaluative dimension (i.e., good–bad) and are associated with approach and avoidance tendencies. In three experiments (total N = 645), participants (receivers) judged the credibility of suspects (senders) denying involvement in a mock theft. While watching or reading the message, receivers performed an approach-related (arm flexion) or an avoidance-related (arm extension) motor action. Although receivers’ affective evaluations of senders (good–bad) correlated strongly with credibility judgments in all three experiments, the results of the arm position manipulation were mixed. In Experiment 1, receivers in an arm flexion (vs. arm extension) state judged the sender as more credible, but only when informed beforehand about the upcoming credibility judgment. In Experiment 2 and 3, however, there was no evidence of an arm position effect on credibility judgments. A cross-experimental meta-analysis indicated a small and non-significant effect of the manipulation, Hedges’ g = 0.07, 95% CI [−0.09, 0.22]. Multiple interpretations of the results are discussed.

scholarly journals Approach, Avoidance, and the Perception of Credibility

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl Ask ◽  
Sofia Calderon ◽  
Erik Mac Giolla ◽  
Marc-André Reinhard
Keyword(s):  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Position Effect ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Functional Approach ◽  
Approach And Avoidance ◽  
Motor Action ◽  
Evaluative Dimension ◽  
Arm Position ◽  
Approach Avoidance

AbstractBased on a functional approach to credibility judgments, the authors hypothesize that receivers’ judgments of senders’ credibility involve an evaluative dimension (i.e., good–bad) and are associated with approach and avoidance tendencies. In three experiments (total N = 645), participants (receivers) judged the credibility of suspects (senders) denying involvement in a mock theft. While watching or reading the message, receivers performed an approach-related (arm flexion) or an avoidance-related (arm extension) motor action. Although receivers’ affective evaluations of senders (good–bad) correlated strongly with credibility judgments in all three experiments, the results of the arm position manipulation were mixed. In Experiment 1, receivers in an arm flexion (vs. arm extension) state judged the sender as more credible, but only when informed beforehand about the upcoming credibility judgment. In Experiment 2 and 3, however, there was no evidence of an arm position effect on credibility judgments. A cross-experimental meta-analysis revealed that the effect of the manipulation was statistically indistinguishable from zero, Hedges’ g = 0.07, 95% CI [−0.09, 0.22], and provided strong support for the null hypothesis. Multiple interpretations of the results are discussed.

Sequential Approach-Avoidance Movements

2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sascha Topolinski ◽  
Giti Bakhtiari
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Affective Responses ◽  
Sequential Approach ◽  
Approach And Avoidance ◽  
Total N ◽  
Interference Experiment ◽  
Oral Motor ◽  
Oral Approach ◽  
Approach Avoidance ◽  
Affective Consequences

Abstract. The affective consequences of sequential approach-avoidance movements in the mouth were investigated. Participants (total N = 872) received words for which consonantal stricture spots either wandered first-inward-then-outward (e.g., FOLOKOLOF; approach-avoidance) or first-outward-then-inward (e.g., KOLOFOLOK; avoidance-approach) in the mouth. In a pilot study, it was established that first-inward-then-outward (first-outward-then-inward) is associated with negative disgust (positive ingestion) reactions (Experiment 1). Approach-avoidance sequences were preferred less than avoidance-approach sequences (Experiments 2a–3b); and this effect disappeared under oral motor-interference (Experiment 4). Experiment 5 provides evidence that a mere recency effect is an unlikely explanation for these effects. Thus, sequentially executed oral approach and avoidance movements do not cancel each other out but jointly influence resulting affective responses.

Instruction-Based Approach-Avoidance Effects

2015 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 161-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pieter Van Dessel ◽  
Jan De Houwer ◽  
Anne Gast ◽  
Colin Tucker Smith
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Avoidance Training ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Approach And Avoidance ◽  
Evaluative Priming ◽  
Blacks And Whites ◽  
Approach Avoidance ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Explicit Measures

Prior research suggests that repeatedly approaching or avoiding a certain stimulus changes the liking of this stimulus. We investigated whether these effects of approach and avoidance training occur also when participants do not perform these actions but are merely instructed about the stimulus-action contingencies. Stimulus evaluations were registered using both implicit (Implicit Association Test and evaluative priming) and explicit measures (valence ratings). Instruction-based approach-avoidance effects were observed for relatively neutral fictitious social groups (i.e., Niffites and Luupites), but not for clearly valenced well-known social groups (i.e., Blacks and Whites). We conclude that instructions to approach or avoid stimuli can provide sufficient bases for establishing both implicit and explicit evaluations of novel stimuli and discuss several possible reasons for why similar instruction-based approach-avoidance effects were not found for valenced well-known stimuli.

Temporal Discounting Across Adulthood: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kendra Leigh Seaman ◽  
Sade J Abiodun ◽  
Zöe Fenn ◽  
Gregory Russell Samanez-Larkin ◽  
Rui Mata
Keyword(s):  
Age Differences ◽  
Intertemporal Choice ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Temporal Discounting ◽  
Total N ◽  
Adult Age ◽  
Adult Age Differences ◽  
Choice Tasks

A number of developmental theories have been proposed that make differential predictions about the links between age and temporal discounting; that is, the valuation of rewards at different points in time. Most empirical studies examining adult age differences in temporal discounting have relied on economic intertemporal choice tasks, which pit choosing a smaller, sooner monetary reward against choosing a larger, later one. Although initial studies using these tasks suggested older adults discount less than younger adults, follow-up studies provided heterogeneous, and thus inconclusive, results. Using an open science approach, we test the replicability of adult age differences in temporal discounting by conducting a preregistered systematic literature search and meta-analysis of adult age differences in intertemporal choice tasks. Across 37 cross-sectional studies (Total N = 104,736), we found no reliable relation between age and temporal discounting (r = -0.081, 95% CI [-0.185, 0.025]). We also found little evidence of publication bias or p-hacking. Exploratory analyses of moderators found no effect of experimental design (e.g., extreme-group vs. continuous age), incentives (hypothetical vs. rewards), amount of delay (e.g., days, weeks, months, or years), or quantification of discounting behavior (e.g., proportion of immediate choices vs. parameters from computational modeling). Additional analyses of 12 participant-level data sets found little support for a nonlinear relation between age and temporal discounting across adulthood. Overall, the results suggest that adult age is not reliably associated with individual differences in temporal discounting. We provide recommendations for future empirical work on temporal discounting across the adult life span.

Political bullshit receptivity and its correlates: a cross-cultural validation of the concept

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vukašin Gligorić ◽  
Allard Feddes ◽  
Bertjan Doosje
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
Voting Behavior ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Persuasive Communication ◽  
Lower Probability ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Total N

Frankfurt defined persuasive communication that has no regard for truth, knowledge, or evidence as bullshit. Although there has been a lot of psychological research on pseudo-profound bullshit, no study examined this type of communication in politics. In the present research, we operationalize political bullshit receptivity as endorsing vague political statements, slogans, and political bullshit programs. We investigated the relationship of these three measures with pseudo-profound bullshit, ideology (political ideology, support for neoliberalism), populism, and voting behavior. Three pre-registered studies in different cultural settings (the United States, Serbia, The Netherlands; total N = 534) yielded medium to high intercorrelations between political bullshit measures and pseudo-profound bullshit, and good construct validity (hypothesized one-factor solution). A Bayesian meta-analysis showed that all political bullshit measures positively correlated with support for the free market, while only some positively correlated with social (political statements and programs) and economic conservatism (programs), and populism (programs). In the U.S., higher receptivity to political bullshit was associated with a higher probability that one voted for Trump (vs Clinton) in the past and higher intentions to vote for Trump (vs Biden and Sanders). In the Netherlands, higher receptivity to political bullshit predicted the intention to vote for the conservative-liberal People's Party for Freedom and Democracy. Exploratory analyses on merged datasets showed that higher receptivity to political bullshit was associated with a higher probability to vote for right-wing candidates/parties and lower probability for the left-wing ones. Overall, political bullshit endorsement showed good validity, opening avenues for research in political communication, especially when this communication is broad and meaningless.

scholarly journals Sense of Purpose in Life Is Associated with Lower Risk of Incident Dementia: A Meta-Analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Angelina R. Sutin ◽  
Damaris Aschwanden ◽  
Martina Luchetti ◽  
Yannick Stephan ◽  
Antonio Terracciano
Keyword(s):  
Lower Risk ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Purpose In Life ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Or Education ◽  
Total N ◽  
Sense Of Purpose ◽  
Incident Dementia

Background: A sense of purpose in life has been associated with healthier cognitive outcomes across adulthood, including risk of dementia. The robustness and replicability of this association, however, has yet to be evaluated systematically. Objective: To test whether a greater sense of purpose in life is associated with lower risk of dementia in four population-based cohorts and combined with the published literature. Methods: Random-effect meta-analysis of prospective studies (individual participant data and from the published literature identified through a systematic review) that examined sense of purpose and risk of incident dementia. Results: In six samples followed up to 17 years (four primary data and two published; total N = 53,499; n = 5,862 incident dementia), greater sense of purpose in life was associated with lower dementia risk (HR = 0.77, 95%CI = 0.73–0.81, p <  0.001). The association was generally consistent across cohorts (I2 = 47%), remained significant controlling for clinical (e.g., depression) and behavioral (e.g., physical inactivity) risk factors, and was not moderated by age, gender, or education. Conclusion: Sense of purpose is a replicable and robust predictor of lower risk of incident dementia and is a promising target of intervention for cognitive health outcomes.

Parenting Programs for Disruptive Child Behavior in China: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 104973152110185
Author(s):  
Ningxuan Hua ◽  
Patty Leijten
Keyword(s):  
Child Behavior ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Behavioral Approach ◽  
Parenting Programs ◽  
Behavioral Management ◽  
Total N ◽  
Chinese Families ◽  
Inconsistent Parenting ◽  
Program Effects ◽  
Disruptive Child Behavior

Purpose: To synthesize evidence of parenting program effects on disruptive child behavior in China and compare three program approaches: behavioral, relational, and cognitive. Methods: We searched five databases (four English and one Chinese) and identified 45 studies; 29 studies were included in a multilevel meta-analysis (92 effect sizes; total N total = 3,892; M child age = 6.12 years). Results: We found large overall effects on reduced disruptive child behavior ( d = −1.28, 95% CI [−1.86, −0.70], p < .001), reduced harsh and inconsistent parenting ( d = −1.70, 95% CI [−2.91, −0.49], p <.001), and improved parental warmth and positive behavioral management ( d = 2.67, 95% CI [0.41, 4.93], p <.001). Behavioral programs were more effective than relational programs (Δ d = .89, 95% CI [−1.7, −0.13], p = .034), and cognitive programs were too rare to analyze separately. Conclusions: Parenting programs for disruptive child behavior can effectively support Chinese families, especially those adopting a behavioral approach.

scholarly journals Major Adverse Cardiac Events and Mortality Associated with Electroconvulsive Therapy

2019 ◽  
Vol 130 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Duma ◽  
Mathias Maleczek ◽  
Basil Panjikaran ◽  
Harald Herkner ◽  
Theodore Karrison ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Pulmonary Edema ◽  
Acute Heart Failure ◽  
Electroconvulsive Therapy ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Major Adverse Cardiac Events ◽  
Cardiac Events ◽  
Total N ◽  
Adverse Cardiac Events

Abstract EDITOR’S PERSPECTIVE What We Already Know about This Topic The incidence of major adverse cardiac events after electroconvulsive therapy is not known What This Article Tells Us That Is New Major adverse cardiac events and death after electroconvulsive therapy are infrequent and occur in about 1 of 50 patients and after about 1 of 200 to 500 electroconvulsive therapy treatments Background Cardiac events after electroconvulsive therapy have been reported sporadically, but a systematic assessment of the risk is missing. The goal of this study was to obtain a robust estimate of the incidence of major adverse cardiac events in adult patients undergoing electroconvulsive therapy. Methods Systematic review and meta-analysis of studies that investigated electroconvulsive therapy and reported major adverse cardiac events and/or mortality. Endpoints were incidence rates of major adverse cardiac events, including myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, pulmonary edema, pulmonary embolism, acute heart failure, and cardiac arrest. Additional endpoints were all-cause and cardiac mortality. The pooled estimated incidence rates and 95% CIs of individual major adverse cardiac events and mortality per 1,000 patients and per 1,000 electroconvulsive therapy treatments were calculated. Results After screening of 2,641 publications and full-text assessment of 284 studies, the data of 82 studies were extracted (total n = 106,569 patients; n = 786,995 electroconvulsive therapy treatments). The most commonly reported major adverse cardiac events were acute heart failure, arrhythmia, and acute pulmonary edema with an incidence (95% CI) of 24 (12.48 to 46.13), 25.83 (14.83 to 45.00), and 4.92 (0.85 to 28.60) per 1,000 patients or 2.44 (1.27 to 4.69), 4.66 (2.15 to 10.09), and 1.50 (0.71 to 3.14) per 1,000 electroconvulsive therapy treatments. All-cause mortality was 0.42 (0.11 to 1.52) deaths per 1,000 patients and 0.06 (0.02 to 0.23) deaths per 1,000 electroconvulsive therapy treatments. Cardiac death accounted for 29% (23 of 79) of deaths. Conclusions Major adverse cardiac events and death after electroconvulsive therapy are infrequent and occur in about 1 of 50 patients and after about 1 of 200 to 500 electroconvulsive therapy treatments.

Mesenchymal stem cells immortalization's and state-of-art: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
P E F Stricker ◽  
A C Irioda ◽  
B F Mogharbel ◽  
E Abdelwaid ◽  
L R Cavalli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Gene Transfection ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Total N ◽  
Htert Gene ◽  
Cell Immortalization ◽  
Immortalized Cell ◽  
Experimental Strategies ◽  
Established Technique

Abstract Background The immortalization of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) allows them to avoid senescence and be cultured through limitless cell passages. Thus, several experimental strategies, such as retrovirus-mediated gene transfer or viral oncogenesis, have been applied for the immortalization of MSCs. The aim was to identifier the most commonly used methodologies and their particularities for the immortalization of human and animal MSCs. Methods The search was conducted in June 2019 and developed in SCOPUS, PUBMED, and SCIENCE DIRECT. Statistical analysis was performed, obtaining the values of total n, mean and standard deviation, confidence interval (CI), and percentage (frequency) for all the predictors. Results The most used immortalization methodology was viral transfection, being the most common immortalized cell type was the bone marrow-derived MSC, and the most used gene for immortalizing both human and animal MSCs was hTERT (39.3%) and SV40T (54.5%). Among the articles analyzed in this review, only 39.3% and 36.4% of human and animal MSCs immortalization protocols, respectively, underwent the tumorigenicity test. Conclusions The virus-mediated gene transfection was observed as the most used and established technique. The insertion of the hTERT gene is still the most used gene for cell immortalization, suggesting that the maintenance of telomerase is efficient for maintaining cell proliferation and bypassing cell senescence. The review concluded that the tumorigenicity tests should become mandatory in order to safely use the immortalized MSCs for translation.

Associations between social control, motivation, and exercise: How romantic partners influence exercise during young adulthood

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 1425-1435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiffany L Berzins ◽  
Judith Gere ◽  
Scout M Kelly ◽  
John A Updegraff
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Social Control ◽  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Romantic Partners ◽  
Romantic Partner ◽  
Approach And Avoidance ◽  
Control Motivation ◽  
Approach Avoidance ◽  
Exercise Motives ◽  
And Behavior

This study investigated whether positive and negative romantic partner social control attempts (persuasion and pressure, respectively) were related to approach-avoidance motives and exercise among young adults ( N = 98), using daily reports. Daily persuasion was linked to higher daily approach motives. At the person level, persuasion was associated with higher approach and avoidance motives in addition to more frequent, longer exercise. Pressure was associated with higher daily relationship stress, which was associated with higher daily avoidance motives. At the person level, pressure was related to less frequent, shorter exercise. Thus, romantic partners’ social control use correlates with exercise motives and behavior.

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