scholarly journals Who gets to vote? Racialized mental images of legitimate and illegitimate voters

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jazmin Lati Brown-Iannuzzi ◽  
Keith Payne ◽  
Erin Cooley ◽  
Will Cipolli
Keyword(s):  
Black Americans ◽  
Black Study ◽  
Mental Images ◽  
Racial Biases ◽  
Mind's Eye ◽  
Voter Id ◽  
Black Voters ◽  
Survey Approach

When people support voter ID laws, who do they imagine they are keeping out of the voting booth? In four studies using online samples of US residents, we found evidence that support for voter ID laws was associated with racialized mental images of voters. Participants who supported voter ID laws imagined those who should vote as looking more White than those who should not vote (Study 1). Both supporters and opponents of voter ID laws imagined those who lack valid ID as appearing Black (Study 2), suggesting both sides of the debate understand these laws disproportionately affect Black voters. Support for voter ID laws was associated with imagining illegal voters that were more representative of Black Americans (Study 3). We conceptually replicated these findings using a survey approach (Study 4). These findings suggest that racial biases in the mind’s eye are associated with support for voter ID laws.

scholarly journals Who Gets to Vote? Racialized Mental Images of Legitimate and Illegitimate Voters

2021 ◽  
pp. 194855062110394
Author(s):  
Jazmin L. Brown-Iannuzzi ◽  
Erin Cooley ◽  
William Cipolli ◽  
B. Keith Payne
Keyword(s):  
Social Desirability ◽  
Reverse Correlation ◽  
Mental Images ◽  
White People ◽  
Indirect Measure ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Voter Identification ◽  
Voter Id ◽  
Survey Approach

When people support voter identification (ID) laws, who do they imagine they are keeping in and out of the voting booth? We investigated this question across three studies. First, using a traditional survey approach, we found support for voter ID laws was associated with beliefs that ID requirements reduce illegal voting by both Black and White people to the same degree. Because explicit surveys are vulnerable to social desirability concerns, in the following two studies, we utilized an indirect measure, reverse correlation, to investigate mental images of those who try to vote illegally (Study 2) and mental images of those who should and should not get to vote (Study 3). The findings of these studies suggest that support for voter ID laws is associated with racially biased perceptions of illegal voters and who should get to vote. Critically, these biased perceptions may be underestimated by traditional explicit survey approaches.

scholarly journals More Than a Passive Interest

2014 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 417-443
Author(s):  
NIALL PALMER
Keyword(s):  
Republican Party ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Black Americans ◽  
Presidential Leadership ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Black Voters

The defeat of the Dyer anti-lynching bill in 1922 was a turning point in relations between black Americans and the Republican Party. Little is understood, however, about the role played in the debates by President Warren Harding. This article contends that Harding's conflicted views on presidential leadership caused him to badly mishandle the bill. The President's inability to choose between a restrained and consensual “Whig” approach and a more active “stewardship” role on a wide range of issues resulted in an erratic and ultimately unsustainable style of leadership. The Dyer bill's failure was affected by this dilemma as the hopes of black and white reformers were alternately raised and dashed by Harding's apparent indecisiveness. Black resentment at the bill's ultimate defeat was thus heightened still further, with severe consequences for the Republican Party's long-term electoral relationship with black voters.

Revealing the Mind’s Eye: Bringing (Mental) Images Into Psychiatry

2012 ◽  
Vol 169 (12) ◽  
pp. 1245-1246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Di Simplicio ◽  
Josephine E. McInerney ◽  
Guy M. Goodwin ◽  
Mary-Jane Attenburrow ◽  
Emily A. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Mental Images ◽  
Mind's Eye

Shifting Stereotypes of Welfare Recipients Can Reverse Racial Biases in Support for Wealth Redistribution

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1065-1074 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin Cooley ◽  
Jazmin L. Brown-Iannuzzi ◽  
Caroline Boudreau
Keyword(s):  
Shift Work ◽  
Work Ethic ◽  
Black Americans ◽  
Welfare Recipients ◽  
Government Assistance ◽  
Financial Independence ◽  
Welfare Policies ◽  
Negative Work ◽  
Racial Biases ◽  
Wealth Redistribution

When people imagine welfare recipients, research indicates that they often imagine lazy, Black Americans who are perpetually dependent on government assistance. In the present work, we investigate the last assumption—perpetual dependence. We hypothesize that providing information about recipients’ ability to obtain financial independence may reduce racial biases in support for welfare policies. In Study 1, when given no information about recipients’ ability to obtain independence, White participants reported less support for the program and a greater desire to monitor recipient spending, when the majority of recipients were Black (vs. White). However, learning that most recipients gained independence (i.e., they obtained jobs and exited the program) eliminated or reversed these racial biases—an effect associated with reduced negative work ethic stereotypes of welfare recipients (Study 2). We conclude that perceived independence of welfare recipients may shift work ethic stereotypes and increase support for welfare policies, regardless of recipient race.

scholarly journals Mapping the Imaginative Mind: Charting New Paths Forward

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-89
Author(s):  
Jessica R. Andrews-Hanna ◽  
Matthew D. Grilli
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Mental Images ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Integrative Framework ◽  
The Senses ◽  
Past Experiences ◽  
Mind's Eye ◽  
Interacting Features

The fields of psychology and neuroscience are in the midst of an explosion of research aimed at illuminating the human imagination—the ability to form thoughts and mental images that stretch beyond what is currently available to the senses. Imaginative thought is proving to be remarkably diverse, capturing the capacity to recall past experiences, consider what lies ahead, and understand other people’s minds, in addition to other forms of creative and spontaneous thinking. In the first part of this article, we introduce an integrative framework that attempts to explain how components of a core brain network facilitate interacting features of imagination that we refer to as the mind’s eye and mind’s mind. We then highlight three emerging research directions that could inform our understanding of how imagination arises and unfolds in everyday life.

scholarly journals Systemic racism: individuals and interactions, institutions and society

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahzarin R. Banaji ◽  
Susan T. Fiske ◽  
Douglas S. Massey
Keyword(s):  
Social Groups ◽  
Black Americans ◽  
Colonial History ◽  
Interracial Interactions ◽  
Systemic Racism ◽  
Racial Isolation ◽  
Racial Biases ◽  
Domains Of Life ◽  
Interpersonal Patterns ◽  
The Mind

AbstractSystemic racism is a scientifically tractable phenomenon, urgent for cognitive scientists to address. This tutorial reviews the built-in systems that undermine life opportunities and outcomes by racial category, with a focus on challenges to Black Americans. From American colonial history, explicit practices and policies reinforced disadvantage across all domains of life, beginning with slavery, and continuing with vastly subordinated status. Racially segregated housing creates racial isolation, with disproportionate costs to Black Americans’ opportunities, networks, education, wealth, health, and legal treatment. These institutional and societal systems build-in individual bias and racialized interactions, resulting in systemic racism. Unconscious inferences, empirically established from perceptions onward, demonstrate non-Black Americans’ inbuilt associations: pairing Black Americans with negative valences, criminal stereotypes, and low status, including animal rather than human. Implicit racial biases (improving only slightly over time) imbed within non-Black individuals’ systems of racialized beliefs, judgments, and affect that predict racialized behavior. Interracial interactions likewise convey disrespect and distrust. These systematic individual and interpersonal patterns continue partly due to non-Black people’s inexperience with Black Americans and reliance on societal caricatures. Despite systemic challenges, Black Americans are more diverse now than ever, due to resilience (many succeeding against the odds), immigration (producing varied backgrounds), and intermarriage (increasing the multiracial proportion of the population). Intergroup contact can foreground Black diversity, resisting systemic racism, but White advantages persist in all economic, political, and social domains. Cognitive science has an opportunity: to include in its study of the mind the distortions of reality about individual humans and their social groups.

Exploring the mind's eye: Contents and characteristics of mental images in overweight individuals with binge eating behaviour

2016 ◽  
Vol 246 ◽  
pp. 554-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Dugué ◽  
Silke Keller ◽  
Brunna Tuschen-Caffier ◽  
Gitta A. Jacob
Keyword(s):  
Binge Eating ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Mental Images ◽  
Mind's Eye

scholarly journals Homer’s Vividness: An Enactive Approach

2017 ◽  
Vol 137 ◽  
pp. 67-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas Grethlein ◽  
Luuk Huitink
Keyword(s):  
Reader Response ◽  
Final Part ◽  
Mental Images ◽  
Enactive Approach ◽  
To Come ◽  
Mind's Eye

AbstractThe vividness of Homeric poetry has been admired since antiquity, but has been difficult to pin down with precision. It is usually thought to come about because readers are prompted to visualize the storyworld in the form of mental images seen with the mind's eye. But this cannot be right, both because there are serious scientific problems with the concept of ‘pictures in the head’ and because Homer does not offer many detailed descriptions, which are a prerequisite for eliciting detailed mental images. This article presents a different, and cognitively more realistic, take on the imageability of Homeric epic, which is based on recent reader-response studies inspired by the enactivist theory of cognition. These studies make a compelling case for readerly visualization as an embodied response, which does not depend on bright or detailed mental images. An analysis of the chariot race in Iliad 23 identifies specific features of what may be called an ‘enactive style’, notably the description of simple bodily actions. The final part of the article demonstrates that an enactivist take on Homer's vividness is not incompatible with the ancient concept of enargeia, the chief rhetorical term with which Homer's vividness is characterized in ancient criticism.

scholarly journals Disinformation creep: ADOS and the strategic weapon-ization of breaking news

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mutale Nkonde ◽  
Maria Y. Rodriguez ◽  
Leonard Cortana ◽  
Joan K. Mukogosi ◽  
Shakira King ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Democratic Party ◽  
Black Americans ◽  
Black Communities ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Breaking News ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Black Voters ◽  
Online Group

In this essay, we conduct a descriptive content analysis from a sample of a dataset made up of 534 thousand scraped tweets, supplemented with access to 1.36 million tweets from the Twitter fire-hose, from accounts that used the #ADOS hashtag between November 2019 and September 2020. ADOS is an acronym for American Descendants of Slavery, a largely online group that operates within Black online communities. We find that the ADOS network strategically uses breaking news events to encourage discourage Black voters from voting for the Democratic party, a phenomenon we call disinformation creep. Conversely, the ADOS network has remained largely silent about the impact of the novel coronavirus on Black communities, undermining its claims that it works in the interests of Black Americans.

Is the Spotlight an Obsolete Metaphor of “Seeing with the Mind's Eye“? A Constructive Naturalistic Approach to the Inspection of Visual Mental Images

2008 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amedeo D'Angiulli
Keyword(s):  
Size Effects ◽  
Verbal Report ◽  
Visual Image ◽  
Latency Time ◽  
Image Size ◽  
Mental Images ◽  
Behavioral Correlates ◽  
Naturalistic Approach ◽  
Mind's Eye

Does conscious aware inspection of visual mental images mimic a spotlight? To answer this, a constructive naturalistic approach was used to integrate image latency (time necessary to generate a visual image), image size (specified by the size of an external display), and vividness (verbal report, through rating, indicating activation strength of images). Participants were asked to form images at “small” and/or “large” sizes and immediately rate them on a 7-point vividness scale. In Experiment 1, sizes varied between participants, and images were “trial-unique.” In Experiment 2, the task required forming all images repeatedly at 4 varying sizes. In Experiment 1, larger images took longer than smaller images to reach same vividness level, with interaction between vividness and size. Size effects and interaction disappeared in Experiment 2; furthermore, images seemed to undergo gradual built-up and more uniformly-distributed inspection. Both imagery phenomenology and its behavioral correlates seem to support the spotlight metaphor.

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