Perceived scarcity and cooperation contextualized to the COVID-19 pandemic.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Civai ◽  
Marta Caserotti ◽  
Elisa Carrus ◽  
Inge Huijsmans ◽  
Enrico Rubaltelli
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Message Framing ◽  
Social Contact ◽  
Resource Scarcity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Psychological Wellbeing ◽  
Psychological Resources ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
Material Scarcity ◽  
Public Good Games

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a decrease in both material resources (e.g., jobs, access to healthcare), and socio-psychological resources, triggered by social distancing and lockdowns. It is established that perceived resource scarcity creates a mindset that affects cognitive abilities, including decision-making. Given the importance of social norms compliance in the current climate, we investigated whether perceived material and socio-psychological scarcity experienced during the pandemic predicted cooperation, measured using two Public Good Games (PGGs), where participants contributed money or time (i.e., hours indoors contributed to shorten the lockdown). Material scarcity had no relationship with cooperation. Scarcity of socio-psychological wellbeing (e.g., connecting with family) predicted increased cooperation in both PGGs, suggesting that missing social contact fosters prosociality. On the other hand, perceived scarcity of freedom (e.g., limited movement) predicted decreased willingness to spend time indoors to shorten the lockdown. These results may have implications for message framing when aiming to increase cooperation.

Shadows of Black and White

2021 ◽  
pp. 178-206
Author(s):  
Leslie C. Gay Jr
Keyword(s):  
First Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
Digital Era ◽  
Recorded Sound ◽  
Musical Object ◽  
Social Meanings ◽  
The One

This chapter considers the role of seen and unseen infrastructures in the material transmission and circulation of May Irwin’s (1862–1938) famous “Frog Song.” Just as ontologies of music shift in our digital era, the chapter peels back the hazy ontological histories of this song—as material commodity, technology, and memory—to consider its ramifications as a musical object replete with racial and social meanings. The argument developed here brings together aspects of the “hard” infrastructures of song sheet publishing, paper, and lithography, on the one hand, and the “soft” infrastructures of race, body, and memory, on the other. More specifically, the material resources of the song’s production—in printed page, body, and recorded sound—illuminate the shadowy histories of this song and emphasize how these materials reconfigure shifting notions of gender and race across cultural and historical boundaries into the twenty-first century.

Arbitration from a Law & Economics Perspective

2020 ◽  
pp. 873-894
Author(s):  
Anne van Aaken ◽  
Tomer Broude
Keyword(s):  
Dispute Resolution ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
The Other ◽  
Third Party ◽  
International Arbitration ◽  
General Welfare ◽  
Welfare Consequences ◽  
Party Funding

This chapter offers a Law & Economics (L&E) perspective on international arbitration. L&E scholars tend to view dispute resolution as a market. They thus look at the supply and demand of such third-party adjudication, usually comparing litigation to arbitration. Predominantly, in the literature, there are two interrelated L&E perspectives on this: one is focused on the general welfare consequences of arbitration; the other is focused on why disputants choose one kind of third-party settlement over another. There are many ways of resolving disputes between contractual parties: arbitration is also in competition with mediation, conciliation, litigation, and other forms of resolving disputes, including so-called ‘extra-legal’, socially normative ones. Most literature has focused either on the choice between litigation and arbitration or on the influence of arbitration on negotiation and settlement between the parties. The chapter then addresses other disputant choices relating to third-party funding and arbitrator appointment. It also looks at the incentives and behaviour of arbitrators, including their cognitive abilities.

scholarly journals Decisions on driving after brain injury/disease: Feasibility and construct validity of a new simulator assessment tool

2020 ◽  
pp. 030802262095098
Author(s):  
Kersti Samuelsson ◽  
Ewa Wressle
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injury ◽  
Construct Validity ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
The Other ◽  
Complex Activity ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
High Level

Introduction Driving is a complex activity involving a high level of cognitive abilities and thus might be affected after a brain injury/disease. The aim of this research was to evaluate the feasibility and construct validity of a driving simulator tool as a complement to existing driving assessments of patients with cognitive dysfunctions after a brain injury/disease. Method A descriptive and prospective research design was achieved. For construct validation, decisions were based on results from the Useful Field of View, Nordic Stroke Driver Screening Assessment, Trail Making Test and, when necessary for the decision, an on-road observation. Results from the simulator tool were not included in the clinical decision process. Results A total of 129 patients from four different rehabilitation services were included. The results showed a significant difference in test results between those who were considered medically fit versus unfit to drive. A factor analysis revealed four components, all including attention in combination with processing speed, visuospatial function, simultaneous capacity and executive function; these are all represented in the simulator tool. A correlation analysis showed that simulator subtest 3 (response/divergent response to stimuli) had the strongest correlation with most of the other tests included. Conclusions The simulator was found to be feasible and valid and found to include components other than those measured in the other tests.

scholarly journals Assessing the Preference of Rabbit Does to Social Contact or Seclusion: Results of Different Investigations

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Dal Bosco ◽  
Alice Cartoni Mancinelli ◽  
Steffen Hoy ◽  
Melania Martino ◽  
Simona Mattioli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Contact ◽  
Aggressive Response ◽  
Good Combination ◽  
The Other ◽  
Housing System ◽  
Similar Amount ◽  
Group Housing ◽  
Nest Boxes ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Recognition Systems

The aim of this study was to verify the motivation of rabbit does to social contact or seclusion. The results of two different research activities assessed in Italy (experiment 1) and Germany (experiment 2) through the use of motivational cages are reported. In experiment 1, only the average time of occupation of the group or seclusion zone was recorded of four nulliparous does, while, in experiment 2, the group-housing system provided space for does with kits and consisted of four single areas (nest boxes with individual electronic nest box recognition systems). Experiment 1 showed that does spent a similar amount of time in seclusion or in group (49.61% vs 50.39%, respectively). On the contrary, in experiment 2, does with kits appeared to prefer spending time alone (71.90%) rather than in groups. The presence of kits probably stimulates a hierarchical and aggressive response of the dominant does, with the low-ranking does staying secluded to avoid violent interactions. In fact, in each reproductive cycle, one doe did stay in the group area whereas the other three does used this area in different percentages of time. Further researches are needed to find a good combination of the cage with the does’ physiological phases.

The Relative Persuasive Effect of Gain- versus Loss-Framed Messages: Exploring the Moderating Role of the Desirability of End-States

2007 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 509-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoli Nan
Keyword(s):  
Message Framing ◽  
The Other ◽  
Persuasive Message ◽  
Issue Involvement ◽  
Moderating Role ◽  
Persuasive Effect

A persuasive message can focus on either the advantages of compliance (i.e., gain-framed) or the disadvantages of non-compliance (i.e., loss-framed). Previous findings regarding the relative persuasive effect of gain- versus loss-framed messages have been largely inconsistent. This research suggests that there exist two distinct operationalizations of message framing, with one involving desirable end-states and the other involving undesirable end-states. Through two experiments, this research demonstrates that the desirability of end-states has a systematic impact on the relative persuasiveness of gain- versus loss-framed messages and that the nature of such impact is further dependent upon the audience's issue involvement.

scholarly journals Effects of land ownership on psychological well-being of the poor farmers of the northern parts of Bangladesh

1970 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-46
Author(s):  
Md Mozibul Huq ◽  
Azad Khan ◽  
Md Sarwar Jahan ◽  
Md Ariful Haque
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Land Ownership ◽  
The Other ◽  
Psychological Wellbeing ◽  
Rural Poor ◽  
Psychological Well Being ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Other Hand

This study was designed to compare the psychological well-being of three categories of farmers in Bangladesh. They are the landless, Khas land allotees and the share-croppers. Charghat and Puthia Upazilla of Rajshahi District was the study area. Randomly selected 90 (30 from each group) respondents were the subjects of this study. To measure the psychological wellbeing the Bangla version of the MUNSH scale for Measuring happiness (Kazma and Stones 1980) was administered on the subjects. Results revealed that the psychological well-being of the Khas land allotees was best and psychological well-being of the landless was worst. On the other hand, the psychological well-being of the share-croppers was in between of the Khas land allotees and landless farmers. Key words: Psychological well-being; rural poor; landless; owner of the Khas land DOI: 10.3329/jles.v2i2.7496 J. Life Earth Sci., Vol. 2(2) 43-46, 2007  

scholarly journals Western scrub-jays do not appear to attend to functionality in Aesop’s Fable experiments

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e1707 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corina J. Logan ◽  
Brigit D. Harvey ◽  
Barney A. Schlinger ◽  
Michelle Rensel
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Food Reward ◽  
The Other ◽  
Functional Differences ◽  
Food Storing

Western scrub-jays are known for their highly discriminatory and flexible behaviors in a caching (food storing) context. However, it is unknown whether their cognitive abilities are restricted to a caching context. To explore this question, we tested scrub-jays in a non-caching context using the Aesop’s Fable paradigm, where a partially filled tube of water contains a floating food reward and objects must be inserted to displace the water and bring the food within reach. We tested four birds, but only two learned to drop stones proficiently. Of these, one bird participated in 4/5 experiments and one in 2/5 experiments. Both birds passed one experiment, but without attending to the functional differences of the objects, and failed the other experiments. Scrub-jays were not motivated to participate in these experiments, suggesting that either this paradigm was ecologically irrelevant or perhaps their flexibility is restricted to a caching context.

scholarly journals Traditional Gypsum Pavements with Natural Aditives

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Belén González Sánchez ◽  
Antonia Navarro ◽  
Judith Ramírez-Casas ◽  
Joan Ramon Rosell
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Contact Angle ◽  
Natural Products ◽  
Surface Hardness ◽  
The Other ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Traditional Architecture ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
Potassium Soap

In traditional architecture, the construction systems used have always been linked to the material resources of the environment. In the areas of extraction of gypsum in the Iberian Peninsula, the use of this material as a conglomerant was not limited to the interior lining of vertical and/or horizontal walls or to interior decorations, as is the case today, but proved to be a very versatile material, which could be used both in structural elements and in finishing elements and decorations. This study shows the preliminary results of an ongoing research on the recovery of traditional gypsum pavements, where three types of traditional gypsum plasters with natural products such as collagen, coconut soap, potassium soap, vegetable oil and marshmallow root were tested. The hygroscopic behaviour of the treated samples has been evaluated from the capillarity water absorption and the contact angle, due to their high hygroscopicity. On the other hand, the density and porosity, surface hardness and thermal conductivity of the samples have also been determined.

scholarly journals A Critic to Darwinian Theory on Resources Scarcity on the Basis of Quranic Verses

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Ramezan Mahdavi Azadboni
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
Resource Scarcity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Biological Resource ◽  
Biological Resources ◽  
Basic Assumptions ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One

One of the important components in the theory of the evolution of species is the idea of natural selection. The question is, are the assumptions of the subject in the idea of natural selection compatible with the religious conception of nature and the world around? In this study, the author will discover on the base of Quranic verses that how the theory of biological resource scarcity as one of the basic assumptions in the idea of natural selection conflicts with the Qur'anic interpretation regarding nature. If we can show the lack of credibility and inaccuracy of the idea of the biological resources scarcity and the inappropriateness of biological resources with the needs of the creatures-as one of the assumptions underlying evolutionary theory-in this case, an important step has been to distort the above-mentioned theorem. In the Holy Qur'an, traits such as selfishness are often warned that are considered as the basis of excesses leads to poverty and shortages. Quraanic promises according to which righteous individuals will govern on earth, on the one hand, and the divine promise of securing the living of the beings on the other hand effectively challenges the idea of natural selection.

III. Ancient Arabian Poetry as a Source of Historical Information

1914 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-73
Author(s):  
C. J. Lyall
Keyword(s):  
Seventh Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Byzantine Empire ◽  
Military Experience ◽  
Historical Information ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One

The conquest of the Persian and half of the Byzantine Empire by the Arabs, under the banner of Islam in the seventh century, was one of the most extraordinary events in the history of the world. On the one side were ranged the forces of two highly-organized military powers, Imperial New Rome and Imperial Persia, which for over three centuries had been engaged in constant conflict with each other. Although this necessarily tended to exhaust the material resources of the combatants, it would naturally be supposed that it must have given them military experience, and their leaders a training in generalship, adequate to enable them to face with confidence of victory enemies hitherto regarded with contempt as mere barbarians. On the other side we see hosts of men, reared in a country where the conditions of life have always been of the hardest and most precarious, divided by tribal feuds and secular hatreds, poorly armed, with no practice in warfare against disciplined foes, and with no allies to swell their legions. Yet from the beginning the progress of the Arabs was one of almost uninterrupted success.

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