scholarly journals Exploring Gender Differences in Marriage and Parental Income Premiums among Financial Advisors

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek Tharp ◽  
Elizabeth Parks-Stamm ◽  
Meghaan Lurtz ◽  
Michael Kitces
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Continuing Education ◽  
Parental Leave ◽  
Financial Advisors ◽  
Parental Income ◽  
Marriage Premium ◽  
Marriage Penalty ◽  
Endogenous Covariates ◽  
At Home

This study examined marriage and parental income premiums among financial advisors. Financial advisors provide an interesting context for exploring such premiums, as financial advising is a historically male-dominated profession that has been found to exhibit large unadjusted gender pay gaps. Using a large sample of financial advisors recruited via a professional continuing education website (n=555), this study investigates whether gender differences exist among financial advisors with respect to the marriage premium, the parenthood premium, the parental leave effect, and the stay-at-home spouse premium. This study examined premiums both with and without potentially endogenous human capital covariates. Without including potentially endogenous covariates, a marriage premium was observed among men but not women, a parenthood premium was observed among women but not men, a parental leave premium was observed among neither men nor women, and a stay-at-home spouse premium was observed among men but not women. When potentially endogenous covariates were included, a marriage penalty was observed among women but not men, a parenthood premium was observed among women while a parenthood penalty observed among men, a parental leave premium was observed among men but not women, and a stay-at-home spouse premium was observed among men while a stay-at-home spouse penalty was observed among women. Exploratory Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition analyses revealed sizeable unadjusted income gaps by gender (16.7%), marriage (32.8%), parenthood (8.1%), parental leave (16.7%), and spousal employment (39.8%).

Characteristics of Maternal and Paternal Behavior in Traditional and Nontraditional Swedish Families

1982 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael E. Lamb ◽  
Ann M. Frodi ◽  
Majt Frodj ◽  
Carl-Philip Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Social Influence ◽  
Parental Leave ◽  
Parental Behavior ◽  
Parental Style ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Paternal Behavior ◽  
Biological Basis ◽  
Primary Caretaker ◽  
At Home

Forty-five Swedish couples (N = 90) were observed at home interacting with their 16month-old infants. Fifteen of the fathers had been primary caretaker for more than one month (x = 2.8 months). These men were designated Involved whereas their partners were deemed Less Involved. Men who took little or no parental leave were considered Less Involved, and their partners were deemed Involved. Analyses of the parents' behavior revealed that mothers were more likely to vocalize, display affection toward, touch, tend to, and hold their infants than fathers were, regardless of relative involvement in caretaking. Involvement in caretaking had no significant effects on parental behavior. However, involved mothers scored highest on all six of the major behavioral measures. The findings suggested that gender differences in parental behavior are much less amenable to social influence than many psychologists believe, although we are not yet able to say whether gender differences in parental style have some biological basis.

Gender Differences in Earnings Rewards to Personality Traits in Wage-employment and Self-employment Labour Markets

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-228
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Mohammed ◽  
Priscilla Twumasi Baffour ◽  
Wassiuw Abdul Rahaman
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Big Five Personality Traits ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Wage Employment ◽  
Wage Equations

In an extensive review of wage determination papers, it is concluded that the standard demographic and human capital factors explain little of earning differentials. Consequently, there is a growing interest among economists to include non-cognitive skills measured by personality traits in recent empirical literature to explain variations in earnings. In a bid to contribute empirical evidence to this strand of literature, this study examines the associations between the Big-Five personality traits (i.e., agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness, extraversion and neuroticism) and earnings, using the World Bank’s Skills towards Employment and Productivity (STEP) data on Ghana. The study employed regression techniques to estimate a series of semi-logarithmic wage equations that include demographic and human capital factors and the Big-Five personality traits to determine how important these factors are in explaining wage and self-employment earnings. Furthermore, the estimations of the wage equations are done separately for males and females to highlight any gender differences in the way personality traits contribute to earnings. Findings are largely consistent with the literature but uniquely demonstrate that in a power-distant culture like Ghana, where, traditionally, girl-child education has been relegated to the background, agreeable females, and not males, are rewarded in the formal wage employment labour market. However, in the informal self-employment labour market, conscientious males, and not females, are positively rewarded with higher earnings. These unique findings contribute to our understanding of the gender differences in the relative importance of non-cognitive skills in the formal and informal labour markets. JEL Codes: J31, J24

scholarly journals An analysis of income differentials by marital status

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regina Madalozzo
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
The United States ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Income Differentials ◽  
Marriage Premium ◽  
Unmarried Cohabitation ◽  
Marriage Penalty ◽  
The Difference

Unmarried cohabitation has become a more frequently observed phenomenon over the last three decades, and not only in the United States. The objective of this work is to examine income differentials between married women and those who remain single or cohabitate. The empirical literature shows that, while the marriage premium is verified in different studies for men, the result for women is not conclusive. The main innovation of my study is the existence of controls for selection. In this study, we have two sources of selectivity: into the labor force and into a marital status category. The switching regressions and the Oaxaca decomposition results demonstrate the existence of a significant penalty for marriage. Correcting for both types of selection, the difference in wages varies between 49% and 53%, when married women are compared with cohabiting ones, and favors non-married women. This result points to the existence of a marriage penalty.

scholarly journals On the reproduction of gender inequality in the premium effect of the Internet on wage: A case study based on data from the Chinese Women’s Status Survey (third phase)

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-163
Author(s):  
Jiachi Zhuang ◽  
Aiyu Liu ◽  
Chao Sun
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Average Wage ◽  
Internet Resources ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
Gender Perception ◽  
Internet Users

By using the Propensity Score Matching model, this study proves the existence of an Internet premium effect. After other factors are controlled, it is found that the average wage income of Internet users is 1.38 times that of non-users. At the same time, there are significant gender differences in the premium effect of the Internet on wages: Women’s Internet wage premium is 90.6% that of men. Furthermore, it is found that the Internet premium effect on wages is highly related to users’ online behaviors. Compared with female users, male users are more inclined to use Internet resources to acquire knowledge and human capital; among female users, those with a greater conception of gender equality are more inclined to use the Internet for learning and accumulation of human capital. Using the framework of previous research on gender inequality in cyberspace, this study focuses on how gender perception influences Internet users’ preferences and ways of using the Internet, which is an important cause and mechanism of reproduction of gender inequality in cyberspace.

Why Women Are Not Leading or Left Behind

2021 ◽  
pp. 107-124
Author(s):  
Grace Kinyanjui
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Glass Ceiling ◽  
Women In Leadership ◽  
Leadership Positions ◽  
Women And Leadership ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Gender Perceptions ◽  
The Status ◽  
Status Of Women

Men greatly outnumber women in leadership positions. Women are much less likely than men to be considered leaders. The status of women and leadership has been a quiet subject that is barely pronounced consciously. This is attributable to the various levels of discrimination, barriers, and biases that the society has towards women. The glass ceiling phenomenon is a great indicator and an illustrator of the fact that women have got what it takes to lead at the top levels in various spheres, but this has been curtailed by the various manifestations of the glass ceiling. Various scholars have demonstrated the contribution of inhibitions such as human capital differences, gender differences, as well as gender perceptions and biases. This chapter explores the intricate relationship and interplay between all these factors.

Evaluations of Men in Domestic Roles in Canada, Norway, Poland, and India

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasza Kosakowska-Berezecka ◽  
Saba Safdar ◽  
Paweł Jurek ◽  
Gopa Bhardwaj
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Parental Leave ◽  
Gender Norms ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Professional Career ◽  
Country Differences ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Indian Students ◽  
Domestic Roles ◽  
At Home

When a man decides to take a parental leave and become a “stay-at-home dad,” by focusing on domestic duties and parenting, he may risk penalization of stereotype-disconfirming behaviors. However, the degree at which men are allowed to violate gender norms varies from country to country. Our study sought to analyze cross-country differences in perception of men who resign from their professional career and focus on domestic duties. Canadian ( N = 120), Norwegian ( N = 97), Polish ( N = 103), and Indian ( N = 109) students were asked to evaluate agency and communality of men and women in domestic roles. The obtained results indicate that in Canada and Norway, men and women in domestic roles were judged similarly, whereas Polish and Indian students favored women over men in domestic roles, thus implying that domestic roles are perceived through the lens of gender stereotypes in these two countries.

scholarly journals Investment in nursing human assets: education and minds of the future

2010 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 467-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Auxiliadora Trevizan ◽  
Isabel Amélia Costa Mendes ◽  
Alessandra Mazzo ◽  
Carla Aparecida Arena Ventura
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Continuing Education ◽  
The Future

This paper analyzes issues related to education, crises and changes in light of the postmodern order, emphasizing efforts towards human capital as the impetus to promote changes. Focusing on universities and organizations, we discuss the main five types of minds valued by modern and future societies, proposing investment in human assets through the use of strategies and technologies to ensure continuing education throughout life.

Gender Differences among Parents Who Experience the Death of an Infant Weighing Less Than 500 Grams at Birth

1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Kavanaugh
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Phenomenological Study ◽  
Loss Of Control ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
Born Infant ◽  
Difficult Situations ◽  
At Home

Gender differences among parents experiencing the death of a live-born infant weighing less than 500 grams at birth have not been examined. This article presents the gender differences that were observed in a phenomenological study that examined the experiences of parents surrounding the death of a live-born infant weighing less than 500 grams at birth. A total of eighteen interviews were conducted with five mothers and three of their husbands between four and fifteen weeks after the loss. First, at the time of the loss, fathers reported a loss of control and a concern for the mother, and mothers reported extreme sadness. Second, as parents made the adjustment at home, fathers continued to show concern for the mother and coped by keeping busy. In comparison to fathers, mothers reported intense responses, coped by talking about the loss, experienced more difficult situations with others, such as being around infants, and had more difficulty making sense of the loss.

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