Envisioning an Ideal Christian Family in Republican China

Amid debates and discussions on the institution of the family in Republican China, foreign missionaries and Chinese Christians played an active role in promoting an ideal Christian family. This article investigates the three waves of prominent theological thinking that underpinned changing ideals of the Christian family throughout the Republican period: Chinese society’s encounter with the gendered ethics of the Christian community in the early Republican period, discussions of domesticity by Chinese Christians amid the social gospel movements of the 1920s, and discussions of domesticity during the National Christianizing the Home Movement. An exploration of Christian publications on domesticity points to a gendered perspective on women’s domestic roles as well as a male-dominated theological construct that attempted to reconfigure the notion of the Chinese Christian family. The discourse on the ideal Chinese Christian family had both secular and spiritual dimensions, shaped by the dynamic transnational flow of ideas and the development of local theological thinking.

Structural Opression of Women in Surat Dari Tini Chen: Siapa Saya: A Feminist Literary Criticism

Women in a patriarchal system have a close relationship with domestic roles. This study aims to describe the construction of women's roles faced by a woman before becoming a prisoner in a short story entitled Surat dari Tini Chen: Siapa Saya written by Tini (pseudonym), a former convict. This research is descriptive qualitative in nature and has qualitative data taken through library techniques. The approach used in this study is structural story analysis and feminist literary criticism with an intersectionalism approach to explaining social phenomena that become the factor of oppression. The results show that three factors (i.e., education, power relations, and psychology) support the formation of structural oppression on Tini. The economic condition is the estuary that underlies the emergence of the factors.

Nisā` Diction as the Concept of Women's Domestic Social Piety in al-Qur’an

This library research analyzes the word Nisā` in al-Qur'an, which describes the women’s domestic roles and standards of social piety in Islamic view. It uses the philosophical-hermeneutical approach and social piety theory to analyze the data. This research results in three main findings: First, social piety in Islam manifests responsibility as God's caliphs on earth. Second, one of social piety description in Islam is by the use of word Nisā` repeatedly in different verses and surahs of al-Qur'an. The last, Nisā` diction to describe the social piety concept, according to al-Qur'an, places women in the domestic dimension to show women's participation as God's caliphs on earth in building the ideal social order. This research contributes to the gender studies overlooked by previous researchers, as the concept of Nisā` in al-Qur'an was ignored.

Queen Anne's Body in Stuart Court Sermons

This article aligns the 1605, 1606, and 1609 court sermons of Lancelot Andrewes with Ben Jonson's Masque of Blackness and Masque of Beauty (performed in 1605 and 1608, respectively) in order to argue that both genres politicize James VI and I's domestic life by commenting on Queen Anne's political and domestic roles. Scholars have examined the ways in which Anne's performance in the court masques allowed her to claim a sense of authority and agency over her body. Recent research on sermons has demonstrated how they were another form of court entertainment, more akin to masques and plays than we might expect, and that the sermon genre often commented on ongoing political and domestic situations in the Stuart court. Yet, scholars have not considered how the masques prompted a response from another popular court genre, the sermon. In placing these two genres—sermon and masque—alongside one another, I argue that Andrewes's patriarchal downplaying of the woman's body in the Biblical Nativity narrative is actually a response to Jonson's masques, rather than the normative touchstone of early modern understandings of gender and maternity. Considering Andrewes's view of the female body as a contrast to Jonson's display and celebration of the female body reveals multiple models for understanding maternity in the early modern period.

Life-course Variations in Spouses’ Division of Roles in Urban Areas of the Islamic Republic of Iran

Despite a growing acceptance of egalitarian gender attitudes, there is no empirical evidence about the division of roles between wives and husbands and its variation across their family life in the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI). This paper uses data from the 2014 to 2015 Time Use Survey, representing urban areas of the IRI, to examine the dynamics of the spouses’ division of roles across their family life. The findings confirm a gender division of roles. The mapping of the spouses’ role behaviours during their family life provides a combination of gender similarities and differences. Role configurations (or role variations across family life) clearly differ between spouses but the pathways (or life-course variations in role behaviours) are quite similar in some roles (i.e., community, individual and parental roles) and different in others (i.e., occupational and domestic roles). To the extent that the existing gender patterns are perceived as unjustified, they can be consequential not only for marital satisfaction and quality, but also for marriage and childbearing decisions.

Ideal or Idiosyncratic? How Women Manage Work-Family Role Conflict with Focal and Peripheral Role Senders

To provide insight into women’s approaches to managing the work-family interface, I introduce the concepts of focal and peripheral role senders and illuminate the importance of their interplay in the enactment of women’s domestic roles. At the core of my theoretical model is the process by which focal and peripheral role senders embrace or reject an ideal enactment of domestic roles and the women’s strategies women use to either acquiesce to ideal roles or acquire idiosyncratic roles. This paper examines the husband as the focal role sender, consistent with the literature’s focus and the pervasiveness of husbands in my data, and considers peripheral role senders, such as parents and in-laws, who also influence women’s role enactment, either by amplifying or muting the husband’s preferred role enactment. This research contributes to existing theory by introducing the importance of focal and peripheral role senders, illuminating how these multiple senders and their interaction influence women’s strategies to deal with role conflict, and documenting how women’s strategies subsequently influence their career trajectories.

Empowerment of women as head of poor family through the P2WKSS program in Bekasi City

Poverty is a condition of economic inability to meet the average standard of living of the community. This condition is exacerbated when women become the head of the family where they are not only responsible for domestic roles, but also fulfill all the needs of their family members. One of the efforts of the Bekasi City government to reduce poverty is by running an integrated program of Increasing the Role of Women Towards a Healthy and Prosperous Family (P2WKSS). P2WKSS is a program to improve the quality of life of women in the aspects of education, health and purchasing power, especially for poor families in villages. Using the Participatory Action Research method and the seven-stage community empowerment analysis model, this paper focuses on how to encourage P2WKSS as an answer to improving the welfare of women heads of poor families. This activity strengthens the contribution of P2WKSS activities in providing additional household economic income which directly improves the welfare of poor families.

The Paradoxes of Postwar Domesticity

At the height of the postwar domestic revival, a subset of women who fully participated in the culture of domesticity nonetheless claimed a unique space for leisure with their peers in the form of a weekly evening mahjong game. Although the culture of mahjong could reinforce their domestic roles as much as undermine them, the weekly mahjong ritual explicitly came at the expense of both household labor and their family members’ comfort. Despite their claims on autonomous domestic leisure, mahjong-playing middle-class women became emblematic of the trappings of stereotypical postwar domesticity. As Jewish mahjong players established their strong cultural norms in the 1950s and 1960s, they became embedded in the evolving stereotype of the domineering Jewish mother. This association signaled the waning of both postwar domestic norms and the patterns of leisured domesticity that thrived within them, as economic changes and generational shifts transformed middle-class home life.

Multiple Role of Women Workers In Institution of Social Security Employment

Nowadays the existence of women in the world of work is increasing. The phenomenon of women to have a dual role can not be damned. The tendency of women to work raises problems. When working women are faced with the demands of work, while when they are at home women will be faced with domestic roles. In this case working mothers can have different performance. The purpose of this study is to analyze how the quality of the performance of women workers who have a dual role in the BPJS Employment Gresik office. The method used in this study is qualitative. Informants in this study are mothers who have multiple roles who have 9 children. Based on the results of research and discussion on the quality of performance of women workers who have multiple roles, the researchers came to the conclusion that women workers who have multiple roles still carry out their work well so as to achieve optimal performance

Image of women in Novels by Okky Madasary

This research is descriptive qualitative research using the feminist literary criticism approach. The subject of this research are three novels by Okky Madasari which are titled: 1) Maryam, 2) 86, and 3) Entrok. The technique of data collecting used in this research is to study the library read the note, conducted by reading carefully and repeated thoroughly and classifying the data obtained based on women’s image. Analyzing data in this research use the descriptive qualitative method. The research finding in the form of physical women’s image, the image of women’s psychic and the role of women consisting of domestic and public areas. Domestic roles include as a child, wife, and mother. The role of women in the public domain consists of the educator, economic, and social movement sectors.