scholarly journals Spatial assessment of construction waste generated by residential buildings in rural areas

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florin Constantin MIHAI
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Waste Stream ◽  
Construction Waste ◽  
Administrative Unit ◽  
Thematic Cartography ◽  
Illegal Disposal ◽  
County Scale

The management of construction waste it is at an early stage in urban areas and lacking in rural areas where this fraction is frequently uncontrolled disposed on public lands. Despite the fact some items of construction waste are considered inert for the environment (soil, concrete) it also contains hazardous items (paint additives, cans, and containers) or recyclables (plastics, metals, wood). Potential recovery of this waste stream is high if it is properly managed. The paper estimates the potential amounts of waste resulted from residential constructions across rural municipalities of Neamț County between 2002 and 2010. These statistical values are calculated at commune level (rural territorial administrative unit) in order to outline the disparities between various geographical areas using thematic cartography. This approach is correlated with demographic features in order to reflect such spatial patterns. The map of population density within built-up areas reveals where the construction sector is emerging at the county scale. Field observations highlight the existence of illegal disposal practices of construction waste in the proximity of settlements or water bodies. This waste stream should receive proper attention in following years in order to achieve recycling and recovery targets imposed by EU regulations.

Performance of Adobe Residential Buildings in the 2003 Bam, Iran, Earthquake

2005 ◽  
Vol 21 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 337-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud R. Maheri ◽  
Farzad Naeim ◽  
Michael Mehrain
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Material Strength ◽  
Earthquake Loads ◽  
Excessive Weight ◽  
General Weakness ◽  
Building Elements

Adobe, in the form of sun-dried bricks and clay or lime/clay mortar, has traditionally been the primary construction material in Iran. Presently, this type of construction still constitutes a notable portion of the buildings in the urban areas and a majority of the buildings in the rural areas. Performance of traditional adobe construction during numerous Iranian earthquakes has generally been poor. Low material strength, poor workmanship, lack of proper connections between building elements, and the excessive weight of the building because of thick walls and massive roofs, are but a few of the shortcomings that contributed to the general weakness of these buildings under earthquake loads. This paper examines the performance of adobe residential buildings during the Bam, Iran earthquake. The current rehabilitation trends for this type of construction in Iran are also discussed.

scholarly journals Consequences of Promoting Less-Populated Rural Areas to Urban Areas: A Case Study, Bushehr Province

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-100
Author(s):  
Ali Bastin
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Urban System ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Positive Outcomes ◽  
Negative Consequences

The modified law of Iranian Administrative divisions has greatly altered the pattern of settlement in recent decades. The promotion of rural areas to urban areas has shifted from mere population standard to combined population-administrative standards. However, all censuses suggest that many rural areas reported as smaller than the minimum population standard have been promoted to urban areas. In the last two decades, this is a clearly prominent phenomenon in the urban system of Iran. This paper evaluates the effects and consequences of promoting small and sparsely populated rural areas to urban areas in the Bushehr province. The used methodology is analytic-descriptive using a questionnaire distributed among 380 members of the target population. Data analysis is conducted in physical, economic, social and urban servicing domains using one-sample T-test and the utility range. The results show that promotion of rural areas to urban areas has positive outcomes such as improved waste disposal system, improved quality of residential buildings, increased monitoring of the construction, increased income, prevented migration and improved health services. However, the results of utility range show that the negative consequences of this policy are more than its positive outcomes, which have been studied in detail.

scholarly journals Awareness about harmful effects of cigarette smoking among adolescents in Shamirpet mandal, Hyderabad

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 208
Author(s):  
M. Pavani Varma ◽  
K. S. V. Prasad
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Tobacco Consumption ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Local Setting ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Harmful Effects

Background: Tobacco smoking is habit which usually begins in the adolescent age. It is a risk factor for many non-communicable diseases and mortality can be prevented if smoking is quit.Methods: It is a cross sectional study.2 schools were randomly selected from urban and rural areas in field practice area of Mediciti Institute of Medical Sciences. A GYTS questionnaire is modified to local setting and administered to the students.Results: A total of 367 students were enrolled. The level of awareness regarding harmful effects of tobacco consumption was good. It was 98.85% in urban areas and 94.84% in rural areas.Conclusions: As adolescent is the age of habit forming identification of the problem and correcting it at early stage itself will be beneficial for individuals, family and society. 

scholarly journals Comparison of options and optimization of sorting and collection of waste at demolition sites during renovation

2021 ◽  
Vol 258 ◽  
pp. 09025
Author(s):  
Vitaly Chulkov ◽  
Ekaterina Yevstigneyeva
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Construction Process ◽  
Construction Waste ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
Urgent Task ◽  
The Difference

The most famous and relevant innovative type of construction reorganization of urban areas is renovation that is defined in the directive documents of the Moscow Government as the demolition and dismantling of buildings in conditionally autonomous urban areas, defined by the well-known Resolution of the Moscow Government and legal documents explaining it, without taking into account the degree of physical or moral aging of these buildings and structures with the aim of erecting multi-storey residential buildings with increased comfort living in these territories. Thus, a certain meaning of renovation makes it possible and necessary to purposefully study and model the life cycle of this socio-technical and organizational-technological construction process, which has certain formal differences from the well-known model of the traditional life cycle of a construction facility and the sequence of stages in the implementation of this life cycle. The difference in the configuration of the life cycle of a construction facility in the traditional approach and in the innovative one in the conditions of renovation has been determined. In the study, this difference highlights the stage of demolition and dismantling, with which the problem of disposal of construction waste is inextricably linked. In this regard, an urgent task of comparing options and optimization of sorting and collection of waste at demolition and dismantling facilities at the first stage of renovationarises. Three options for solving this problem and projects for the production of work have been developed for each of the three options for the demolition and dismantling of buildings. The most rational is the second option.

scholarly journals Population Access to Waste Collection Services :Urban vs Rural Areas in Romania

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Florin Constantin MIHAI
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Waste Management ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Waste Collection ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Thematic Cartography

This paper aims a comparative analysis at county level concerning urban and rural population access to sanitation services in the context of  EU accession. Partially coverage of population  to such services contributes to illegal dumping  of waste  generated and uncollected.Furthermore, waste management facilities are inappropriate, particularly in small cities or rural areas. Comparative analysis of  urban vs. rural population served by waste collection services using thematic cartography highlights on the one hand the existing disparities within a county and on the other hand reflects the regional disparities across  Romania.The demographic, socioeconomic and geographic differentiations between urban and rural areas amplify these gaps that prevent from implementation of an effective  waste management system at national scale.Thematic maps highlights that urban population is not fully covered by sanitation services while in rural areas less than half of population has access to these services.Also,in some counties, vulnerability to illegal dumping is high in both rural and urban areas.

scholarly journals Perception and Practice of Bangladeshi Adults Towards the Prevention of COVID-19: A Statistical Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 107-117
Author(s):  
Md. Abdul Wadood ◽  
Lai Lee Lee ◽  
Md. Monimul Huq ◽  
Asma Mamun ◽  
Suhaili Mohd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
General Question ◽  
Average Risk ◽  
Study Results

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has continued to spread across the world with increasing numbers of confirmed cases and deaths. Due to outbreaks of new variants of the virus and limited treatment options, positive perception and good practice of preventive guidelines have remained essential measures for the prevention of the disease and slowing down its transmission. We aimed to study perception towards COVID-19 and the practice of guidelines for preventing the disease among Bangladeshi adults during the early stage of the rapid rise of the outbreak. Methods: Data was collected data from 320 participants. For measuring their level of practice, we asked a general question: “Are you properly following the WHO-recommended guidelines to avoid COVID-19?” The frequency distribution, Chi-square (χ2) test and binary logistic regression model were used in this study. Results: The average risk perception among the participants was 3.05±0.75 (median, 3.00) (95% CI of mean: 2.96-3.13) where the score ranges from 0 (no risk) to 4 (high risk). More than 27% of participants showed high-risk perceptions. Males (p<0.05), high educated (p<0.05), rich (p<0.01), service holders (p<0.05), and younger adults (p<0.05) had higher odds of high-risk perception. More than 71% of participants had a good practice of always following the WHO guidelines to prevent COVID-19 and living locations in urban areas (p<0.01), high education (p<0.01), rich (p<0.01), and joint family (p<0.01) had the most contributions to good practice. Conclusions: The study findings revealed that special attention should be given to rural areas, and individuals of low literacy, education and socioeconomic level to more effectively prevent COVID-19.

scholarly journals REHABILITATION OF POLLUTED URBAN AREAS

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 93
Author(s):  
Yu. M. Galitskova ◽  
M. I. Balzannikov ◽  
E. G. Vyshkin
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Waste Recycling ◽  
Technical Solution ◽  
Construction Waste ◽  
Waste Landfill ◽  
Open Ground ◽  
Pollutant Source ◽  
Short Time

Industrial structures, residential buildings and other objects of infrastructure are being constructed in many Russian cities now. In addition to new constructions, reconstruction and rebuilding of existing buildings is also being performed. Meanwhile, such construction objects are situated not only in open suburban areas but also in urban districts and city zones. Often it is necessary to dismantle or demolish old run-down buildings or distressed structures before constructing new buildings. Such works always cause large amounts of construction waste. To accommodate constructive materials for new structures and to store elements of disassembled buildings and construction wastes special storage grounds are used. Being of temporal nature, these storage grounds are not capable to ensure full protection of the environment from pollution. The team of employees of Samara State Technical University investigated several districts of the city of Samara. This investigation revealed that in all temporary dumping sites construction wastes amount to 8% and dumping sites of a mixed type containing construction wastes – to 35%. The majority of temporary dumping sites are removed in a short time. Mostly, it is done by collection and removal of construction waste to special waste landfills. At the same time, the investigation demonstrated that though these dumping sites are temporal, their existence causes environmental pollution of underlying open ground as repugnant substance penetrates the ground with rains and pollution of airspace as light pollutants are dispersed by wind. Moreover, even after these temporary dumping sites are removed, already polluted soil layers continue to pollute soils as a secondary pollutant source. The authors offer a technical solution which allow to carry out rehabilitation of polluted urban areas more effectively. In particular, it is recommended to remove waste from the temporary dumping sites stage by stage. At the first stage, off-site areas should be inspected and the extent of pollution (pollution depth) of underground layers should be estimated. At the next stage, a protective barrier in the ground around the dumping site and on the surface should be built. Only after that we recommend that wastes should be removed and sent to a waste recycling plant or to a specially equipped waste landfill. Then, it is required to cut off all polluted soils and to remove them to a special waste landfill for storage. Thus, this solution makes it possible to reduce the risk of secondary environmental pollution.

scholarly journals Study on Indoor and Outdoor Fine Particle Exposure Level, Bacterial Composition, and Diversity in a Severe Cold Region of China

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (02) ◽  
pp. 521-529
Author(s):  
Xi Chen
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Exposure Level ◽  
Average Dose ◽  
Particle Exposure ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Particulate Matter 2.5

As there is a frequent occurrence of haze during the heating season in China’s severely cold regions, the environmental parameters of the three types of buildings in Daqing were monitored to investigate the concentration and exposure level of particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5). The short-term exposure levels of PM2.5for people of different ages and genders were analyzed. The composition and diversity of bacteria were analyzed using 16S rDNA technology. The results showed that the average PM2.5 concentrations of office buildings were higher than that of residential buildings, which was then higher than that of teaching buildings in Daqing. The exposure level of adults in urban areas was 12.0% higher than those in rural areas. Children had almost the same overall exposure. The potential comprehensive dose and its average dose for adults in urban areas were higher than those in rural areas, and the number of males was higher than females. The risk of exposure increased with age and was higher for males than females. Among the three types of buildings in Daqing, the main bacteria were Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. In the same type of buildings, the total number of bacteria was higher outdoors than indoors and the alpha diversity of bacteria was higher outdoors than indoors. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers

scholarly journals The characteristics of and responses to the two COVID-19 outbreak waves in Hebei Province of China, January 2020 to February 2021

2021 ◽  
Vol 149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaomin Cheng ◽  
Yifan Li ◽  
Yali Zhang ◽  
Jiahai Lu
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Social Activity ◽  
Hebei Province ◽  
Epidemic Spread ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Time Update ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics ◽  
Pharmaceutical Interventions

Abstract Hebei Province was affected by two coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak waves during the period 22 January 2020 through 27 February 2020 (wave 1) and 2 January 2021 through 14 February 2021 (wave 2). To evaluate and compare the epidemiological characteristics, containment delay, cluster events and social activity, as well as non-pharmaceutical interventions of the two COVID-19 outbreak waves, we examined real-time update information on all COVID-19-confirmed cases from a publicly available database. Wave 1 was closely linked with the COVID-19 pandemic in Wuhan, whereas wave 2 was triggered, to a certain extent, by the increasing social activities such as weddings, multi-household gatherings and church events during the slack agricultural period. In wave 2, the epidemic spread undetected in the rural areas, and people living in the rural areas had a higher incidence rate than those living in the urban areas (5.3 vs. 22.0 per 1 000 000). Furthermore, Rt was greater than 1 in the early stage of the two outbreak waves, and decreased substantially after massive non-pharmaceutical interventions were implemented. In China's ‘new-normal’ situation, development of targeted and effective intervention remains key for COVID-19 control in consideration of the potential threat of new coronavirus strains.

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