The pattern of educational inequality - The contribution of family background on levels of education over time and across four countries

This article analyses the pattern of inequality across levels of education and its evolution over time from a cross-national comparative perspective. We employ a previously disregarded approach of sibling correlations to measure how the contribution of the total family background differs across achieved levels of education. We compare successive birth cohorts in Finland, Sweden, Germany, and the U.S. between 1990 and 2015. We further analyze the extent to which the total contribution of parental background is accounted for by observed parental education. Our results indicate a pattern in which sibling similarity is strongest in the lowest and the highest levels of education in all studied countries. Changes over time were more pronounced in the Nordics and in educational levels other than the lowest. Observed parental education played a less notable role than expected, indicating that using only parental education ignores a substantial portion of the total influence of family background.

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Sibling Similarity in Education Across and Within Societies

Demography ◽

10.1215/00703370-9164021 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Michael Grätz ◽

Kieron J. Barclay ◽

Øyvind N. Wiborg ◽

Torkild H. Lyngstad ◽

Aleksi Karhula ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Educational Attainment ◽

Cognitive Skills ◽

Parental Education ◽

Family Background ◽

The United States ◽

School Grades ◽

Sibling Correlations ◽

Sibling Similarity ◽

The Impact

Abstract The extent to which siblings resemble each other measures the omnibus impact of family background on life chances. We study sibling similarity in cognitive skills, school grades, and educational attainment in Finland, Germany, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States. We also compare sibling similarity by parental education and occupation within these societies. The comparison of sibling correlations across and within societies allows us to characterize the omnibus impact of family background on education across social landscapes. Across countries, we find larger population-level differences in sibling similarity in educational attainment than in cognitive skills and school grades. In general, sibling similarity in education varies less across countries than sibling similarity in earnings. Compared with Scandinavian countries, the United States shows more sibling similarity in cognitive skills and educational attainment but less sibling similarity in school grades. We find that socioeconomic differences in sibling similarity vary across parental resources, countries, and measures of educational success. Sweden and the United States show greater sibling similarity in educational attainment in families with a highly educated father, and Finland and Norway show greater sibling similarity in educational attainment in families with a low-educated father. We discuss the implications of our results for theories about the impact of institutions and income inequality on educational inequality and the mechanisms that underlie such inequality.

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The Persistent Influence of Socio-Economic Background on Family Formation Pathways and Disadvantage in Young Adulthood

Social Background and the Demographic Life Course: Cross-National Comparisons ◽

10.1007/978-3-030-67345-1_4 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 61-77

Author(s):

Jarl Mooyaart

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Life Course ◽

Transition To Adulthood ◽

Young Adulthood ◽

Parental Education ◽

Family Formation ◽

Birth Cohorts ◽

Economic Background ◽

The Life Course ◽

Over Time

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the linkages between socio-economic background, family formation and economic (dis)advantage and reveals to what extent the influence of parental education on family formation persists over time, i.e. across birth cohorts. The second part of this chapter examines to what extent the influence of socio-economic background persists over the life-course. This part covers: (1) the influence of parental education on union formation over the life-course, and (2) the influence of socio-economic background on income trajectories in young adulthood, after adjusting for the career and family pathways that young adults followed during the transition to adulthood, thereby examining the influence of socio-economic background on income beyond the first stage of young adulthood. This chapter reveals two key insights on the linkages between socio-economic background, family formation and (dis)advantage: (1) Whereas union and family formation patterns have changed across birth cohorts, socio-economic background continues to stratify union and family formation pathways; (2) Although the influence of socio-economic background on family formation and young adults’ economic position decreases throughout young adulthood, socio-economic background continues to have an impact in young adulthood.

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The Transmission of Education across Generations: Evidence from Australia

The B E Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy ◽

10.1515/bejeap-2014-0139 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 15 (4) ◽

pp. 1893-1917 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Rasika Ranasinghe

Keyword(s):

Parental Education ◽

Birth Cohorts ◽

Downward Mobility ◽

Child Schooling ◽

Parents And Children ◽

Education Levels ◽

Lower Education ◽

Highly Correlated ◽

And Gender ◽

Over Time

Abstract This study analyzes changes in the transmission of education across generations in Australia for the birth cohorts 1942 through 1991 using a range of measures: the estimated effect of parental education on that of the child, schooling correlations between parents and children and a series of mobility indices. Our results suggest that while the overall level of education and intergenerational education mobility has increased over time, there are considerable regional and gender differences. Daughters’ education attainment is still relatively highly correlated with their parents compared to sons and the extent of absolute upward mobility was modest while immobility and downward mobility have remained relatively steady during the last five decades. During this period, relative education opportunities have increased over time at lower education levels, while the trend has been comparatively stable at higher levels.

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Chapter 7 Changes Over Time in Parental Education and Inequality of Opportunities in Chile

Inequality of Opportunity: Theory and Measurement - Research on Economic Inequality ◽

10.1108/s1049-2585(2011)0000019010 ◽

2011 ◽

pp. 157-177

Author(s):

Andrea Báez-Montenegro ◽

Juan Prieto-Rodríguez ◽

Rafael Salas

Keyword(s):

Parental Education ◽

Changes Over Time ◽

Over Time

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The unequal crime drop: Changes over time in the distribution of crime among individuals from different socioeconomic backgrounds

European Journal of Criminology ◽

10.1177/1477370816682979 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 14 (5) ◽

pp. 586-605 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Anders Nilsson ◽

Felipe Estrada ◽

Olof Bäckman

Keyword(s):

General Trend ◽

Social Groups ◽

Social Background ◽

Socioeconomic Background ◽

Crime Trends ◽

Birth Cohorts ◽

Crime Drop ◽

The Social ◽

Changes Over Time ◽

Over Time

Since the 1990s, many countries, including Sweden, have seen declining crime levels. In this article, we study whether this general trend is concealing differences between different social groups. In contrast to the few studies that have to date examined the issue of inequality in the crime drop, we focus on the social background of offenders rather than crime victims. We analyse register data covering three entire Swedish birth cohorts, in which convictions data have been linked to data on parental incomes. In this way, we are able to examine changes over time in the distribution of crime among individuals from different socioeconomic backgrounds. Our results show that crime trends differ by socioeconomic background: decreases in crime (theft offences) are greater among the more affluent, and increases (violent crime) are primarily located among the lower levels of the income distribution. This produces an increasing inequality in the conviction risk, primarily among men. Different mechanisms that can contribute to an understanding of why crime has become increasingly concentrated among less affluent social groups are discussed.

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Changes in Sociodemographic and Disease Prevalence Among Five Birth Cohorts of Older Latinos

Innovation in Aging ◽

10.1093/geroni/igab046.1924 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 500-501

Author(s):

Jennifer Ailshire ◽

Catherine Garcia

Keyword(s):

Ethnically Diverse ◽

Later Life ◽

Birth Cohorts ◽

Migration Patterns ◽

Disease Patterns ◽

Cost Of Health Care ◽

Interview Survey ◽

The Cost ◽

Changes Over Time ◽

Over Time

Abstract Latinos are often treated as an amalgamated group without respect to Latinos' composition included in sampling designs in different periods. This matters because the Latino population is continuously changing over time with respect to migration patterns, socioeconomic status, sociocultural characteristics, and geographic dispersion across the U.S., which may influence disease patterns in later life. We use data from the Health and Retirement Study and the National Health Interview Survey to investigate changes in older Latinos' composition by examining five birth cohorts. Results indicate that there have been significant demographic and health changes over time among older Latinos, with later-born cohorts more racially and ethnically diverse, more educated, and exhibiting a higher prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. Understanding these shifting dynamics is imperative for crafting strategies and public policies that meet this group's health needs, reduce the cost of health care, and increase the quality of life for older Latinos.

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Expanding Inequality: Trends in Educational Stratification during China’s Market Transition

10.31235/osf.io/tgc86 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Rob J. Gruijters

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Educational Inequality ◽

Family Background ◽

Household Survey ◽

Transition Process ◽

Market Transition ◽

Educational Transitions ◽

Birth Cohorts ◽

Process Data ◽

Nationally Representative

This study looks at educational inequality in China, a country that has greatly expanded access to education in recent decades. It uses a sequential logit model to study the changing impact of family background on educational transitions and educational attainment, comparing birth cohorts that completed their schooling during different stages of the market transition process. Data are derived from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), a large and nationally representative household survey that provides detailed retrospective information. The findings show that in reform-era China educational inequality has increased despite large-scale educational expansion. Since the onset of the market reforms the importance of social origin has continuously increased, particularly at the crucial transition to senior high school. I suggest that the resulting pattern of expanding inequality can be explained by a combination of market-based educational reforms, increasing returns to education and massive increases in wider social and economic inequality.

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Comparison of two devices for measuring exercise transcutaneous oxygen pressures in patients with claudication

VASA ◽

10.1024/0301-1526/a000454 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 44 (5) ◽

pp. 355-362 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Marie Urban ◽

Alban Fouasson-Chailloux ◽

Isabelle Signolet ◽

Christophe Colas Ribas ◽

Mathieu Feuilloy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxygen Pressure ◽

Optical Sensors ◽

Chemical Sensors ◽

Transcutaneous Oxygen ◽

Starting Values ◽

Two Systems ◽

Transcutaneous Oxygen Pressure ◽

New Sensors ◽

Changes Over Time ◽

Over Time

Abstract. Summary: Background: We aimed at estimating the agreement between the Medicap® (photo-optical) and Radiometer® (electro-chemical) sensors during exercise transcutaneous oxygen pressure (tcpO2) tests. Our hypothesis was that although absolute starting values (tcpO2rest: mean over 2 minutes) might be different, tcpO2-changes over time and the minimal value of the decrease from rest of oxygen pressure (DROPmin) results at exercise shall be concordant between the two systems. Patients and methods: Forty seven patients with arterial claudication (65 + / - 7 years) performed a treadmill test with 5 probes each of the electro-chemical and photo-optical devices simultaneously, one of each system on the chest, on each buttock and on each calf. Results: Seventeen Medicap® probes disconnected during the tests. tcpO2rest and DROPmin values were higher with Medicap® than with Radiometer®, by 13.7 + / - 17.1 mm Hg and 3.4 + / - 11.7 mm Hg, respectively. Despite the differences in absolute starting values, changes over time were similar between the two systems. The concordance between the two systems was approximately 70 % for classification of test results from DROPmin. Conclusions: Photo-optical sensors are promising alternatives to electro-chemical sensors for exercise oximetry, provided that miniaturisation and weight reduction of the new sensors are possible.

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