scholarly journals Expanding Inequality: Trends in Educational Stratification during China’s Market Transition

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rob J. Gruijters
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Educational Inequality ◽  
Family Background ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Market Transition ◽  
Educational Transitions ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Process Data ◽  
Nationally Representative

This study looks at educational inequality in China, a country that has greatly expanded access to education in recent decades. It uses a sequential logit model to study the changing impact of family background on educational transitions and educational attainment, comparing birth cohorts that completed their schooling during different stages of the market transition process. Data are derived from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), a large and nationally representative household survey that provides detailed retrospective information. The findings show that in reform-era China educational inequality has increased despite large-scale educational expansion. Since the onset of the market reforms the importance of social origin has continuously increased, particularly at the crucial transition to senior high school. I suggest that the resulting pattern of expanding inequality can be explained by a combination of market-based educational reforms, increasing returns to education and massive increases in wider social and economic inequality.

scholarly journals An investigation of Social Class Inequalities in General Cognitive Ability in Two British Birth Cohorts

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roxanne Connelly ◽  
Vernon Gayle
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
General Cognitive Ability ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Ability Test ◽  
British Cohort Study ◽  
Nationally Representative

The ‘Flynn effect’ describes the substantial and long-standing increase in average cognitive ability test scores, which has been observed in numerous psychological studies. Flynn makes an appeal for researchers to move beyond psychology’s standard disciplinary boundaries and to consider sociological contexts, in order to develop a more comprehensive understanding of cognitive inequalities. In this article we respond to this appeal and investigate social class inequalities in general cognitive ability test scores over time. We analyse data from the National Child Development Study (1958) and the British Cohort Study (1970). These two British birth cohorts are suitable nationally representative large-scale data resources for studying inequalities in general cognitive ability.We observe a large parental social class effect, net of parental education and gender in both cohorts. The overall finding is that large social class divisions in cognitive ability can be observed when children are still at primary school, and similar patterns are observed in each cohort. Notably, pupils with fathers at the lower end of the class structure are at a distinct disadvantage. This is a disturbing finding and it is especially important because cognitive ability is known to influence individuals later in the lifecourse.

scholarly journals Educational Transitions and Educational Inequality: A Multiple Pathways Sequential Logit Model Analysis of Finnish Birth Cohorts 1960–1985

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 700-719
Author(s):  
Juho Härkönen ◽  
Outi Sirniö
Keyword(s):  
Educational Outcomes ◽  
Logit Model ◽  
Educational Inequality ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Weighted Sum ◽  
Educational Transitions ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Educational Stratification ◽  
Upper Secondary ◽  
Educational Persistence

Abstract We developed a multiple pathways sequential logit model for analysing social background inequality in completed education and applied it to analyse educational inequality in Finland (birth cohorts 1960–1985). Our model builds on the sequential logit model for educational transitions, originally presented by Robert D. Mare and later extended by Maarten Buis, which disaggregates inequality in completed education into the weighted sum of inequalities in the transitions leading to it. Although the educational transitions framework is popular among educational stratification researchers, its applications have almost exclusively focused on analysing inequalities in separate educational transitions. Buis presented a unifying model of inequalities in educational transitions and completed education, which gives a substantive interpretation to the weights that link them. We applied this to an educational system in which the same educational outcomes can be reached through multiple pathways. Our analysis of Finnish register data shows that intergenerational educational persistence increased, particularly among women. The main reasons are increased inequality in academic upper-secondary (gymnasium) completion and gymnasium expansion that increased the weight of this transition as well as of the transition to university. We discuss the integration of structural and allocative mechanisms in educational stratification research.

scholarly journals The Effect of the Post-Socialist Transition on Inequality of Educational Opportunity: Evidence from German Unification

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bastian Andreas Betthäuser
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Educational Opportunity ◽  
Educational Inequality ◽  
East Germany ◽  
West Germany ◽  
German Unification ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
East And West Germany ◽  
East And West

In 1990, German unification led to an abrupt and extensive restructuring of the educational system and economy of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) as the latter was reintegrated into the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG). However, the consequences of this large- scale institutional change for the educational inequality between children from different social class backgrounds in East Germany continue to be poorly understood. This article seeks to shed new light on this question by using a quasi-experimental approach to examine the difference in educational inequality between East and West Germany before and after German unification. We compare changes in the class gradient in educational attainment in East and West Germany across six birth cohorts, including three cohorts of individuals who completed their schooling after unification. Contrasting with past findings, our results show that before unification, educational inequality at the mid-secondary, upper-secondary and tertiary level was substantially lower in East Germany than in West Germany and that unification led to a substantial and sustained convergence of the level of educational inequality in East Germany towards that of West Germany.

scholarly journals The Academic Achievement and Attainment of LGB America

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Mittleman
Keyword(s):  
Academic Achievement ◽  
Academic Success ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Gay Identity ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
And Bisexual ◽  
Restricted Use ◽  
Bisexual Identity

The current study provides large-scale, replicated evidence on the academic achievement and attainment of America’s lesbian, gay and bisexual population. I use a total of eight waves from two nationally representative surveys of American adults—the National Health Interview Survey (N=145,941) and the National Survey of Drug Use and Health (N=96,073)—alongside restricted-use data from the High School Longitudinal Study of 2009 (N≈15,870)—the first such study to ever collect information on student sexual orientation. Across datasets and birth cohorts, gay men display a pattern of strikingly high achievement: their rates of BA attainment are not only higher than straight men’s, they are also higher than straight women’s. Gay men’s academic success is observable already by ninth grade. Compared to straight boys in the same school, gay boys perform better on a range of attitudinal, behavioral, and achievement outcomes. Sensitivity analyses suggest that this pattern is unlikely to be explained by selective disclosure of a gay identity. By contrast, lesbian women’s BA attainment has declined across birth cohorts, such that lesbian women are now broadly disadvantaged compared to straight women. Although bisexuals in recent cohorts report academic disadvantages, substantial variation in reported rates of bisexual identity across sexes, cohorts and datasets complicates the interpretation of these results.

scholarly journals The influences of family background and structural factors on children’s academic performances: A cross-country comparative study

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengjie Lyu ◽  
Wangyang Li ◽  
Yu Xie
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Family Background ◽  
The United States ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Family Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Nationally Representative

It is well known that children’s academic performances are affected by both their family backgrounds and contextual or structural factors such as the urban–rural difference and regional variation. This article evaluates the relative importance of family background versus structural factors in determining children’s academic achievements across three different societies: China, the United States of America, and Germany, analyzing data from five large-scale, high-quality, and nationally representative data sets. The results reveal two main findings: (a) family socioeconomic status exerts much stronger positive effects on children’s academic achievement in the USA and Germany than in China; and (b) structural factors (such as those measured by location and urban/rural residence) play much smaller roles in the USA and Germany than in China.

scholarly journals A Large-Scale Dataset of Barley, Maize and Sorghum Variety Identification Using DNA Fingerprinting in Ethiopia

Data ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Frederic Kosmowski ◽  
Alemayehu Ambel ◽  
Asmelash Tsegay ◽  
Alemayehu Negawo ◽  
Jason Carling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Variety Identification ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Reference Library ◽  
The Public ◽  
Sorghum Variety ◽  
Large Scale Dataset ◽  
Nationally Representative

The data described in this paper were part of a large-scale nationally representative household survey, the Ethiopian Socioeconomic Survey (ESS 2018/19). Grain samples of barley, maize and sorghum were collected in six regions in Ethiopia. Variety identification was assessed by matching samples to a reference library composed of released improved materials, using approximately 50,000 markers from DArTseq platforms. This data were part of a study documenting the reach of CGIAR-related germplasms in Ethiopia. These objective measures of crop varietal adoption, unique in the public domain, can be analyzed along with a large set of variables related to agro-ecologies, household characteristics and plot management practices, available in the Ethiopian Socioeconomic Survey 2018/19.

scholarly journals Advancing Methods for Measurement of Complementary Feeding Interventions and Practices at Scale: Outcomes from Two Rounds of National Surveys in Burkina Faso and Kenya (P10-135-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Heidkamp ◽  
Audrey Buckland ◽  
Ifta Choiriyyah ◽  
Peter Gichangi ◽  
Georges Guiella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Complementary Feeding ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Household Surveys ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Gates Foundation

Abstract Objectives Promotion of improved complementary feeding (CF) practices for children 6–23 m is a priority intervention to prevent stunting and also childhood obesity. However, global household survey programs do not include CF intervention coverage or “unhealthy” diet practices. We aimed to develop and refine indicators and questions for measuring these outcomes in large-scale household surveys. Methods In 2017 and 2018, we carried out nationally-representative household surveys in Burkina Faso (BF) and Kenya (K) that included children 0–59 m and women 10–49 yrs. Over two rounds per country we modified the questionnaire, tools and enumerator training to better capture the intended information. In 2018, we used both prompted and unprompted approaches to ask about specific CF messages received. Results Coverage of any CF counseling among caregivers of 6–23 m olds who received counseling in the specified recall period (within 1 m for 6–11 m olds, within 3 m for 12–23 m olds) remained constant over the two years in both countries (2017: 16% Burkina Faso, 20% Kenya; 2018: 17% Burkina Faso; 18% Kenya). Between years, we changed the structure of questions about the timing of their last counseling visit. The revised 2018 method allowed more flexibility in defining and comparing recall periods by age group (Figure 1). Unprompted questions about CF messages resulted in much lower coverage compared to prompted (Figure 2). The proportion of children achieving minimum dietary diversity increased slightly across years (2017: 16% BF, 40% K; 2018: 20% BF, 43% K). Consumption of unhealthy foods, particularly sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) increased with age (Figure 3). However, when we excluded “milk tea with sugar” from the SSB definition in Kenya, consumption was only 11% for children 6–59 m. Perceptions around unhealthy foods and SSBs varied by cultural context, making it challenging for enumerators to classify foods into these categories. Conclusions Consideration should be given to recall periods, prompted versus unprompted responses, and culturally appropriate training around dietary data collection to elicit the most accurate results in survey settings. Our findings are generalizable to global and national nutrition surveys programs including the Demographic and Health Survey. Funding Sources Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs

scholarly journals The pattern of educational inequality - The contribution of family background on levels of education over time and across four countries

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Outi Sirniö ◽  
Hannu Lehti ◽  
Michael Grätz ◽  
Kieron Barclay ◽  
Jani Erola
Keyword(s):  
Parental Education ◽  
Educational Inequality ◽  
Family Background ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Total Contribution ◽  
Sibling Correlations ◽  
Total Influence ◽  
Sibling Similarity ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

This article analyses the pattern of inequality across levels of education and its evolution over time from a cross-national comparative perspective. We employ a previously disregarded approach of sibling correlations to measure how the contribution of the total family background differs across achieved levels of education. We compare successive birth cohorts in Finland, Sweden, Germany, and the U.S. between 1990 and 2015. We further analyze the extent to which the total contribution of parental background is accounted for by observed parental education. Our results indicate a pattern in which sibling similarity is strongest in the lowest and the highest levels of education in all studied countries. Changes over time were more pronounced in the Nordics and in educational levels other than the lowest. Observed parental education played a less notable role than expected, indicating that using only parental education ignores a substantial portion of the total influence of family background.

scholarly journals Changing living arrangements, family dynamics and stress during lockdown: evidence from four birth cohorts in the UK

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Evamdrou ◽  
Jane Falkingham ◽  
Min Qin ◽  
Athina Vlachantoni
Keyword(s):  
Living Arrangements ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Living Arrangement ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
The People ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

On 23 March 2020 the UK went into lockdown in an unprecedented step to attempt to limit the spread of coronavirus. Since then, many families have found themselves spending an unprecedented amount of time together, with some facing the additional challenge of adapting to changes in who they are living with as some families have found themselves unexpectedly brought back together. School and university closures, the move to remote working, furlough or the loss of employment have all meant that many adult children who had previously left the parental home have returned. Other individuals have moved to provide care and support for a family member or friend who has been ‘shielding’, and conversely some vulnerable and/or older people have moved in with a younger relative or friend. This paper provides an overview of the changes in living arrangements during the Covid-19 pandemic, drawing upon recently available data from five large scale nationally representative surveys, including the second wave of Understanding Society Covid-19 Study, conducted in May 2020 and the special Covid-19 surveys conducted with the participants of the 1958, 1970, 2000-01 British birth cohorts and Next Steps (born in 1989-90). The paper then goes on to explore the impact of the unexpected changes in living arrangements and mental health, as measured by self-reported stress and interpersonal conflict.Data from the Understanding Society May Covid-19 survey shows that for most of the respondents (95.5%) their living arrangements during the three months since 1st March 2020 had not changed. Just over 2% had changed their address and a further 1.5% reported other people had moved in, whilst under 1% reporting people moving out. However, the likelihood of having changed living arrangements varied significantly by age with one in seven of those aged 20-24 reporting a change in living arrangements. Young people aged 16-29 accounted for over half (57%) of all respondents reporting that they had moved themselves. By contrast, respondents in mid-life (45-59) and early later life (60-74) accounted for the majority of respondents reporting other people had moved in or out. Analysis of the cohort data confirmed this picture with nearly a quarter (24%) of the Millennium Cohort Study, currently aged 19 reporting a change in the people they were living with as a result of covid-19, compared to under one in ten of the 1958 cohort, now aged 62. Logistic regression models were used to assess the odds of reporting increased stress and conflict increase amongst those respondents who had experienced a change in living arrangement change compared to those who had not. The results provide strong evidence that those individuals whose living arrangements have changed as a result of the covoid-19 pandemic have a higher likelihood of reported increased stress and family conflict than those whose living arrangements remained unchanged. This has important implications for public health and wider policy as prolonged periods of stress can lead to serious health problems and policy makers need to be mindful that services may need to flex to take these new, albeit for many temporary, forms of living into account.

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION OF CA DONG PEOPLE IN RESETTLEMENT AREA OF TRANH RIVER HYDROPOWER NUMBER 2: CURRENT SITUATION AND IMPACT FACTORS

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bùi Thị Bích Lan
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Impact Factors ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Technical Application ◽  
Production Models ◽  
Role Of The State

In Vietnam, the construction of hydropower projects has contributed significantly in the cause of industrialization and modernization of the country. The place where hydropower projects are built is mostly inhabited by ethnic minorities - communities that rely primarily on land, a very important source of livelihood security. In the context of the lack of common productive land in resettlement areas, the orientation for agricultural production is to promote indigenous knowledge combined with increasing scientific and technical application; shifting from small-scale production practices to large-scale commodity production. However, the research results of this article show that many obstacles in the transition process are being posed such as limitations on natural resources, traditional production thinking or the suitability and effectiveness of scientific - technical application models. When agricultural production does not ensure food security, a number of implications for people’s lives are increasingly evident, such as poverty, preserving cultural identity, social relations and resource protection. Since then, it has set the role of the State in researching and building appropriate agricultural production models to exploit local strengths and ensure sustainability.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document