Changes in Sociodemographic and Disease Prevalence Among Five Birth Cohorts of Older Latinos

Abstract Latinos are often treated as an amalgamated group without respect to Latinos' composition included in sampling designs in different periods. This matters because the Latino population is continuously changing over time with respect to migration patterns, socioeconomic status, sociocultural characteristics, and geographic dispersion across the U.S., which may influence disease patterns in later life. We use data from the Health and Retirement Study and the National Health Interview Survey to investigate changes in older Latinos' composition by examining five birth cohorts. Results indicate that there have been significant demographic and health changes over time among older Latinos, with later-born cohorts more racially and ethnically diverse, more educated, and exhibiting a higher prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. Understanding these shifting dynamics is imperative for crafting strategies and public policies that meet this group's health needs, reduce the cost of health care, and increase the quality of life for older Latinos.

Download Full-text

A new analytic framework for prediction of migration patterns and locations of historical manuscripts based on their script types

Digital Scholarship in the Humanities ◽

10.1093/llc/fqz038 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 35 (2) ◽

pp. 441-458

Author(s):

Gila Prebor ◽

Maayan Zhitomirsky-Geffet ◽

Yitzchak Miller

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Western Europe ◽

Machine Learning Algorithms ◽

Supervised Machine Learning ◽

13Th Century ◽

Migration Patterns ◽

Historical Manuscripts ◽

European Jewish ◽

Changes Over Time ◽

Over Time

Abstract In this article, we utilized large-scale statistical analysis and data visualization techniques of the greatest collection in the world of Hebrew manuscript metadata records to develop a new methodology for quantitative investigation of the palaeographic, geographic, and temporal characteristics of historical manuscripts. The study aims to explore whether and to what extent the script type of the manuscript and its changes over time can be used to automatically predict and complete missing geospatial data of the manuscripts. To this end, various ontological entities were used as features to train supervised machine-learning algorithms to predict the places of writing of manuscripts which were often absent in the catalogue records. The obtained results show that while the script type as an only feature might not be sufficient for prediction of the location of the manuscript’s writing, its combination with temporal data of the manuscript yielded about 80% accuracy. Eventually, our system was able to complete the missing places of writing for over 60% of the manuscripts in the corpus. Moreover, we found that through typical and marginal script types in different regions and their changes over time, it is possible to draw the migration map of the Jewish communities over the centuries. This reinforces the findings of historical research on Jewish migration patterns and communal formation. For example, the waves of immigration from Western Europe can be seen clearly from the second half of the 13th century, which continued until the 17th century and greatly increased the Eastern European Jewish community.

Download Full-text

Changes Over Time in the Cost of Job Loss for Young Men and Women

The B E Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy ◽

10.1515/bejeap-2020-0005 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Justin Barnette ◽

Kennedy Odongo ◽

C. Lockwood Reynolds

Keyword(s):

Job Loss ◽

Young Men ◽

Men And Women ◽

Present Evidence ◽

Using Data ◽

The Cost ◽

Changes Over Time ◽

Over Time

AbstractUsing data from the two cohorts of the NLSY, we examine whether income losses due to involuntary job separations have changed over time. We find that wage losses among men are similar between the two cohorts. However, women in the 1979 cohort show little evidence of wage losses while women in the 1997 cohort experience wage losses similar to those of men. We present evidence that changes in occupations across cohorts help explain these results.

Download Full-text

The unequal crime drop: Changes over time in the distribution of crime among individuals from different socioeconomic backgrounds

European Journal of Criminology ◽

10.1177/1477370816682979 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 14 (5) ◽

pp. 586-605 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Anders Nilsson ◽

Felipe Estrada ◽

Olof Bäckman

Keyword(s):

General Trend ◽

Social Groups ◽

Social Background ◽

Socioeconomic Background ◽

Crime Trends ◽

Birth Cohorts ◽

Crime Drop ◽

The Social ◽

Changes Over Time ◽

Over Time

Since the 1990s, many countries, including Sweden, have seen declining crime levels. In this article, we study whether this general trend is concealing differences between different social groups. In contrast to the few studies that have to date examined the issue of inequality in the crime drop, we focus on the social background of offenders rather than crime victims. We analyse register data covering three entire Swedish birth cohorts, in which convictions data have been linked to data on parental incomes. In this way, we are able to examine changes over time in the distribution of crime among individuals from different socioeconomic backgrounds. Our results show that crime trends differ by socioeconomic background: decreases in crime (theft offences) are greater among the more affluent, and increases (violent crime) are primarily located among the lower levels of the income distribution. This produces an increasing inequality in the conviction risk, primarily among men. Different mechanisms that can contribute to an understanding of why crime has become increasingly concentrated among less affluent social groups are discussed.

Download Full-text

Changes over time in young adults' harmful alcohol consumption: A cross-temporal meta-analysis using the AUDIT

10.31234/osf.io/829p4 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Rachel Visontay ◽

Louise Mewton ◽

Matthew Sunderland ◽

Katrina Prior ◽

Tim Slade

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Alcohol Consumption ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Later Life ◽

Future Research ◽

Age Group ◽

Adult Participation ◽

Harmful Alcohol ◽

Changes Over Time ◽

Over Time

Background: Recent studies suggest that young adult participation in, and volume of, alcohol consumption has decreased. However, the evidence on trends in harmful alcohol consumption in this age group is limited. The current paper aims to examine changes over time in harmful alcohol consumption using a robust, widely employed measure.Methods: The literature was systematically searched for articles reporting on Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) scores in young adults aged 18-24 years. The key data extracted were year of measurement and mean AUDIT score (proportion above clinical cut-off was not relevant for these analyses). Cross-temporal meta-analysis was applied to the extracted data.Results: A decrease was found in young adults’ AUDIT scores measured between 1989 and 2015 (b=-0.13, β=-0.38, p=0.015, 95% CI=-0.24, -0.03), representing a 0.63 standard deviation change over this period. Variance did not change over this time, suggesting scores decreased equally over the distribution.Conclusions: Results indicate that harmful alcohol consumption in young adults may have declined between 1989 and 2015. Despite the continued problems posed by dependence and short and long-term harms, these promising findings offer hope that the considerable alcohol-related disease burden in this age group may be reduced.Ongoing data collection is required to evaluate whether these declines in young adulthood persist into later life, and future research should explore the reasons for declining harmful alcohol consumption in young adults.

Download Full-text

The ‘Expiry Problem’ of broad consent for biobank research - And why a meta consent model solves it

Journal of Medical Ethics ◽

10.1136/medethics-2020-106117 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 46 (9) ◽

pp. 629-631 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Thomas Ploug ◽

Søren Holm

Keyword(s):

Significant Problem ◽

Governance Structures ◽

Broad Consent ◽

Biobank Research ◽

The Cost ◽

Changes Over Time ◽

Meta Consent ◽

Over Time

In this response to Neil Manson’s latest intervention in our debate about the best consent model for biobank research we show, contra Manson that the ‘expiry problem’ that affects broad consent models because of changes over time in methods, purposes, types of data used and governance structures is a real and significant problem. We further show that our preferred implementation of meta consent as a national consent platform solves this problem and is not subject to the cost and burden objections that Manson raises.

Download Full-text

The pattern of educational inequality - The contribution of family background on levels of education over time and across four countries

10.31235/osf.io/nupfs ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Outi Sirniö ◽

Hannu Lehti ◽

Michael Grätz ◽

Kieron Barclay ◽

Jani Erola

Keyword(s):

Parental Education ◽

Educational Inequality ◽

Family Background ◽

Birth Cohorts ◽

Total Contribution ◽

Sibling Correlations ◽

Total Influence ◽

Sibling Similarity ◽

Changes Over Time ◽

Over Time

This article analyses the pattern of inequality across levels of education and its evolution over time from a cross-national comparative perspective. We employ a previously disregarded approach of sibling correlations to measure how the contribution of the total family background differs across achieved levels of education. We compare successive birth cohorts in Finland, Sweden, Germany, and the U.S. between 1990 and 2015. We further analyze the extent to which the total contribution of parental background is accounted for by observed parental education. Our results indicate a pattern in which sibling similarity is strongest in the lowest and the highest levels of education in all studied countries. Changes over time were more pronounced in the Nordics and in educational levels other than the lowest. Observed parental education played a less notable role than expected, indicating that using only parental education ignores a substantial portion of the total influence of family background.

Download Full-text

Comparison of two devices for measuring exercise transcutaneous oxygen pressures in patients with claudication

VASA ◽

10.1024/0301-1526/a000454 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 44 (5) ◽

pp. 355-362 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Marie Urban ◽

Alban Fouasson-Chailloux ◽

Isabelle Signolet ◽

Christophe Colas Ribas ◽

Mathieu Feuilloy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxygen Pressure ◽

Optical Sensors ◽

Chemical Sensors ◽

Transcutaneous Oxygen ◽

Starting Values ◽

Two Systems ◽

Transcutaneous Oxygen Pressure ◽

New Sensors ◽

Changes Over Time ◽

Over Time

Abstract. Summary: Background: We aimed at estimating the agreement between the Medicap® (photo-optical) and Radiometer® (electro-chemical) sensors during exercise transcutaneous oxygen pressure (tcpO2) tests. Our hypothesis was that although absolute starting values (tcpO2rest: mean over 2 minutes) might be different, tcpO2-changes over time and the minimal value of the decrease from rest of oxygen pressure (DROPmin) results at exercise shall be concordant between the two systems. Patients and methods: Forty seven patients with arterial claudication (65 + / - 7 years) performed a treadmill test with 5 probes each of the electro-chemical and photo-optical devices simultaneously, one of each system on the chest, on each buttock and on each calf. Results: Seventeen Medicap® probes disconnected during the tests. tcpO2rest and DROPmin values were higher with Medicap® than with Radiometer®, by 13.7 + / - 17.1 mm Hg and 3.4 + / - 11.7 mm Hg, respectively. Despite the differences in absolute starting values, changes over time were similar between the two systems. The concordance between the two systems was approximately 70 % for classification of test results from DROPmin. Conclusions: Photo-optical sensors are promising alternatives to electro-chemical sensors for exercise oximetry, provided that miniaturisation and weight reduction of the new sensors are possible.

Download Full-text