The unequal crime drop: Changes over time in the distribution of crime among individuals from different socioeconomic backgrounds

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 586-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Nilsson ◽  
Felipe Estrada ◽  
Olof Bäckman
Keyword(s):  
General Trend ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Socioeconomic Background ◽  
Crime Trends ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Crime Drop ◽  
The Social ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

Since the 1990s, many countries, including Sweden, have seen declining crime levels. In this article, we study whether this general trend is concealing differences between different social groups. In contrast to the few studies that have to date examined the issue of inequality in the crime drop, we focus on the social background of offenders rather than crime victims. We analyse register data covering three entire Swedish birth cohorts, in which convictions data have been linked to data on parental incomes. In this way, we are able to examine changes over time in the distribution of crime among individuals from different socioeconomic backgrounds. Our results show that crime trends differ by socioeconomic background: decreases in crime (theft offences) are greater among the more affluent, and increases (violent crime) are primarily located among the lower levels of the income distribution. This produces an increasing inequality in the conviction risk, primarily among men. Different mechanisms that can contribute to an understanding of why crime has become increasingly concentrated among less affluent social groups are discussed.

The Historical Development of Taverns, Inns, and Public Houses

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christel Lane
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Social Hierarchy ◽  
Social Imagination ◽  
The Social ◽  
Societal Context ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Home Consumption

This largely descriptive chapter introduces the reader to the specific features and functions of each type of hostelry and provides a broad-brush picture of their historical development, activities, ways they influenced each other, and importance in their role in out-of-home consumption of food, drink, and sociality. It outlines their social, economic, and political functions, and places them in their societal context. The pub was always the lowest in the social hierarchy among the three. Yet, it has been the longest survivor and has gradually taken over some of the functions formerly performed by inns and taverns. Inns and taverns, however, persist in the British social imagination and, where their buildings have survived, they lend distinction to a village or part of town. Both continuities and changes over time, as well as some overlap between the three hostelries, are described using examples of places and personalities.

A Qualitative Look at Feedback Control Theory as a Style of Describing Behavior

1977 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 331-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Jagacinski
Keyword(s):  
Feedback Control ◽  
Control Theory ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Emotional Behavior ◽  
Level Measurement ◽  
Tracking Behavior ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Feedback Control Theory ◽  
Ordinal Level ◽  
Over Time

The present paper reviews several ways feedback control theory has been used to describe tracking behavior and several qualitative experimental techniques. These techniques require only ordinal-level measurement and may aid any researcher investigating behavior whose temporal patterning is critical and which involves fairly continuous changes over time. One possible application in the area of stuttering behavior is presented in detail to show how these techniques can provide useful insights and hypotheses. Other suggested areas of application include the behavior of human social groups, motivational behavior, and emotional behavior.

Vaiṣṇava Pāñcarātra

Hinduism ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion Rastelli
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
South India ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Social Background ◽  
North India ◽  
Hindu Tradition ◽  
Textual Source ◽  
The Social ◽  
Theology And Philosophy ◽  
Sanskrit Epic

The Pāñcarātra is a Hindu tradition that worships Viṣṇu as the supreme god. Its origins date back to the pre-Christian era, and certain features of it can still be found in the related Hindu-tradition of the Śrīvaiṣṇavas. Its earliest textual source, having been composed around the 3rd to the 5th century ce, is the so-called Nārāyaṇīya, which is a part of the Sanskrit epic Mahābhārata. In this text the Pāñcarātra does not yet bear the tantric features that become characteristic for the tradition as known from the Saṃhitās, which may have been composed from around the 9th century onward. The Saṃhitās are the most important texts of the tradition and are traditionally considered to have been revealed by god Viṣṇu himself. They deal with the theology and philosophy of the tradition, but most prominently with rituals. Rituals are the main means for a Pāñcarātra follower to achieve the tradition’s religious goals. As in other tantric traditions, these goals are worldly pleasures (bhukti) and liberation (mukti) from transmigration. In early Pāñcarātra Saṃhitās, rituals are to be performed by individual persons for their own benefit. In later Saṃhitās, probably due to political influences, public temple worship for the benefit of the king and the state becomes the main focus. The early extant Saṃhitās probably originate from North India, and there is evidence that Pāñcarātra was widely practiced in Kashmir. However, from perhaps the 11th century, Pāñcarātra mainly flourished in South India. The social background of Pāñcarātra followers over the centuries has not yet been investigated in depth, but we do know that the tradition’s historical development was shaped by various social groups and subtraditions, as well as their interactions, sometimes involving rivalry.

The Evolution of a Movement

1989 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank M. Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Social Indicators ◽  
Social Policies ◽  
The Social ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
Social Indicators Movement ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

The Social Indicators Movement which emerged in the late 1960s was motivated by a broad and appealing idea. It is important to monitor changes over time in a wide range of quality of life, both for a population as a whole and for its significant subgroups, because such information, when combined with other data, can generate new knowledge about how to increase quality of life through more effective social policies.

scholarly journals Policy Representation, Social Representation and Class Voting in Britain

2013 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Heath
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Social Representation ◽  
Political Choice ◽  
The Social ◽  
Policy Representation ◽  
Class Voting ◽  
Over Time

Why does the strength of class voting vary over time? Recent research has emphasized factors related to the structure of political choice at the party level. This article examines different aspects of this choice, and investigates whether voters are more likely to respond to the social or policy cues that parties send voters. The results from the British context suggest that the former are more important than the latter. The central implication of this finding is that social representation matters, and that the social background of political representatives influences how voters relate to political parties.

Intersecting Generations: Burying the Old in a Neolithic Hunter-fisher Community

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fredrik Fahlander
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Social Dimensions ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
The Past ◽  
Composite Approach ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Diet And Lifestyle ◽  
Over Time

This article explores the potential of studying the social dimensions of old age and aged bodies in the past. Because old age is relative to life-expectancy figures, diet and lifestyle, calendric years are avoided when defining old age. Instead a composite approach is advocated that includes, for example, traces of wear and joint diseases to identify a threshold between adulthood and a period of seniority. The approach is applied to the Middle Neolithic burial ground Ajvide on the island of Gotland in the Baltic Sea. Eleven individuals (six men, five women, or 18 per cent of the 62 analysed burials) are regarded as ‘aged bodies’. At Ajvide a majority of these individuals are buried in graves that overlap earlier burials containing younger individuals of the same sex. It is argued that this pattern is due to eschatological ideas of ‘generational merging’ of bodies. This practice changes over time, which is suggested to be a part of the overall hybridization processes at the site.

scholarly journals MAKNA EKOKRITIK UNGKAPAN SUNGAI DALAM UJARAN SASTRA KALIMANTAN BARAT

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Khairul Fuad
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Management ◽  
Analytical Tool ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Literary Works ◽  
West Kalimantan ◽  
Literary Expression ◽  
The Social ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

A river is an important part of the social and environmental management in West Kalimantan which becomes a marker of the community’s existence. Literature is the image of the management since it lives and develops according to its surrounding. The relationship between literature and rivers can be seen in the literary expressions The image of the river in literature changes over time which is seen in different expression of West Kalimantan’s poem. This paper used semiotic-dynamic as an analytical tool to find out the expressions of the river and its changes in literary expression. This analysis tool was used to obtain the dynamics of these literary expressions. In addition, an ecocritical method was also used to see the direction of river-related literary expression in West Kalimantan’s literature. The results show that the existence of rivers is an important pillar of people’s life in West Kalimantan as emphasized through literary works.

scholarly journals Social Enterprise Places: A Place-Based Initiative Facilitating Syntactic, Semantic and Pragmatic Constructions of Legitimacy

2021 ◽  
pp. 027614672110407
Author(s):  
Anthony John Samuel ◽  
Gareth Reginald Terence White ◽  
Ken Peattie ◽  
Robert Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Social Enterprise ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Social Enterprises ◽  
Social Goals ◽  
Boundary Object ◽  
The Social ◽  
Economic Good ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Over Time

Social Enterprises are becoming a significant force of social as well as economic good despite facing many difficulties that are brought about by their unique characteristics. Chief among these is the question of their perceived legitimacy that impinges upon their ability to gain funding, acquire contracts and appear as capable organisations to potential partnering institutions. This study explores the means by which Social Enterprises are legitimized through participation in the Social Enterprise Place (SEP) programme in the UK. By examining the Boundary Objects (BO) that span the intersections of the incumbent social groups it identifies three pillars upon which SEPs have facilitated SE legitimacy. These pillars comprise (i) the place-based language (syntactic BO), that enables the identification of (ii) common social goals (semantic BOs), and thereby enables the (iii) mobilization of resources toward their resolution (pragmatic BOs). This research provides insight into the facilitation of legitimacy for Social Enterprises that are engaged in a place-based initiative. By responding to Peterson’s (2016) call for macromarketers to take more note of meso level marketing dynamics in different industries the paper highlights the potential for place to facilitate the legitimacy of SEs. In addition, it reveals a further macromarketing dimension to Boundary Object plasticity whereby they may evolve through syntactic, semantic and pragmatic forms over time.

scholarly journals Changes in Sociodemographic and Disease Prevalence Among Five Birth Cohorts of Older Latinos

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 500-501
Author(s):  
Jennifer Ailshire ◽  
Catherine Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Ethnically Diverse ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Migration Patterns ◽  
Disease Patterns ◽  
Cost Of Health Care ◽  
Interview Survey ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Latinos are often treated as an amalgamated group without respect to Latinos' composition included in sampling designs in different periods. This matters because the Latino population is continuously changing over time with respect to migration patterns, socioeconomic status, sociocultural characteristics, and geographic dispersion across the U.S., which may influence disease patterns in later life. We use data from the Health and Retirement Study and the National Health Interview Survey to investigate changes in older Latinos' composition by examining five birth cohorts. Results indicate that there have been significant demographic and health changes over time among older Latinos, with later-born cohorts more racially and ethnically diverse, more educated, and exhibiting a higher prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. Understanding these shifting dynamics is imperative for crafting strategies and public policies that meet this group's health needs, reduce the cost of health care, and increase the quality of life for older Latinos.

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