scholarly journals Work histories and provision of grandparental childcare among Italian older women

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Zanasi ◽  
Bruno Arpino ◽  
Elena Pirani ◽  
Valeria Bordone
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Grandchild Care ◽  
Grandparental Childcare ◽  
The One

While the literature has widely shown that the provision of childcare by grandparents is often crucial for young mothers’ participation in the labour market, this work investigates the link between grandmothers’ participation in the labour market during adult life (between ages 18-49) and their provision of grandparental childcare later in life. Two contrasting theoretical arguments are plausible in this respect. On the one hand, lifelong homemakers could be more family-oriented and more likely to provide grandchild care in later life. On the other hand, ever-employed grandmothers could be more likely to have employed daughters, and provide grandchild care to support their working careers. With data from the Multipurpose surveys on Families and Social Subjects (2003, 2009, 2016), we estimate logistic regression models, considering various specifications of grandparental childcare, and measuring labour market attachment in three different ways (having ever worked, length of working career, employment interruptions for family reasons). Results show a positive association between grandmothers’ labor market attachment and grandparental childcare provision. A strong dualism emerges between grandmothers who ever worked and those who never did, with the former more likely to provide grandparental childcare, especially when parents are at work. Grandmothers who worked only a few years are more similar, in terms of grandchild care provision, to those who worked throughout their life, than to lifelong homemakers. Comparing Italian macro-areas strengthens our conclusions: differences between ever- and never-employed grandmothers are present in whole the country, but this holds especially in Northern regions, where the higher female participation to the labour market amplifies the need for grandparental childcare. Overall, we showed that intergenerational family solidarity is activated throughout the country, but it is evident that in a context of growing female labour force participation, couples cannot continue to count only on grandmothers to juggle family and work.

scholarly journals A Framework for Sub-Optimal Employment

1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Dupuis ◽  
Nick Taylor
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
International Comparisons ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Natural Increase ◽  
Demographic Projections ◽  
Inadequate Information ◽  
The One

Demographic projections for New Zealand indicate there will be major labour shortages in the future which will not be met through either natural increase in population or immigration. It is therefore necessary that for New Zealand to retain and or improve its current economic position, the labour force we di have is employed in ways that optimize outcomes for individuals, families/whanau and communities on the one hand, and businesses, enterprises and institutions on the other. At present, there is inadequate information about the labour market and employment due, in part, to the way many employment-related measures are defined. Additionally the importance given to two specific measures – official unemployment and labour force participation – as indicators of a buoyant labour market, provide an incomplete picture of the complex and increasingly diverse patterns of employment in New Zealand. While most measures used in New Zealand mirror those used internationally and thus allow for large-scale international comparisons, much more could be done to understand shortfalls in employment. This paper provide a preliminary conceptualization of sub-optimal employment, which emphasis the complexity of the issue under examination by suggesting the extent to which some of employment statuses could be considered sub-optimal.

scholarly journals Employment Outcomes of Ethnic Minorities in Spain: Towards Increasing Economic Incorporation among Immigrants and the Second Generation?

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 48-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariña Fernández-Reino ◽  
Jonas Radl ◽  
María Ramos
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Labour Market Situation ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Majority Group ◽  
Part Time

This article examines the labour market outcomes of immigrants in Spain, a country that has become a migration destination only since the end of the 1990s. Differentiating between first and second generation of immigrant descent, we compare the labour market involvement of the main ethnic groups with the majority group. One particular focus is to understand which minorities have been hit the hardest by the Great Recession. To this end, we use data from the European Union Labour Force Survey for the years 2008 and 2014, and more specifically the two ad-hoc modules on the labour market situation of migrants. Analysing men and women separately, we run a set of multivariate logistic regression models to control for compositional differences. In this way, we examine ethnic gaps not only in labour force participation but also in the degree of underutilisation of human capital, measured as workers’ level of over-education as well as the incidence of involuntary part-time employment. Our results show that while most origin groups do not show significantly lower employment participation than the majority group, the employment quality of immigrants in terms of involuntary part-time work and over-education is substantially worse, especially since the crisis.

scholarly journals Housing wealth, mortgages and Australians’ labour force participation in later life

Urban Studies ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 004209802110265
Author(s):  
Rachel Ong ◽  
Gavin A Wood ◽  
Melek Cigdem
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
House Prices ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Housing Markets ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Urban Housing ◽  
Housing Wealth ◽  
Working Lives ◽  
Imputed Rent

In the life cycle model of consumption and saving, homeownership is an important vehicle for horizontal redistribution. Households accumulate wealth in owner-occupied housing during working lives before benefiting from imputed rent streams in retirement. But in some countries housing wealth’s welfare role has broadened as owners increasingly use flexible mortgages to smooth consumption during working lives. One consequence is higher outstanding mortgages later in life, a burden exacerbated by high real house prices that compel home buyers to demand mortgages that are a growing multiple of their incomes. We investigate whether these developments are prompting longer working lives, an idea that is especially relevant in countries offering relatively low government pensions. Australia is one such country. We use the 2001–2017 panels of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey to estimate hazard models of exits from the Australian labour force as workers approach pensionable age. We find that those with high outstanding mortgage debts are more likely to postpone retirement, as are those with relatively low amounts of private pension wealth. These results are stronger in urban housing markets, and especially among males.

A Choice-Theoretical Labour-Market Model: Empirical Tests at the Mesolevel

1988 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 1085-1102 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Baumann ◽  
M M Fischer ◽  
U Schubert
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Choice Theory ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Market Model ◽  
Reduced Form ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Regional Labour Markets ◽  
Empirical Tests ◽  
Supply Model

This paper contains an analysis of a multiregional labour-supply model for Austria. In the approach suggested here attempts are made to combine the advantages of random-utility-based discrete choice theory and partial reduced-form estimation. Two recursive submodels, the labour-force participation submodel, and the commuting and employment submodel, are developed. Three different types of model specifications at the mesolevel are used to analyse the consequences of choosing a spatial framework of overlapping regional labour markets upon the model parameters, to investigate the usefulness of the model approach in relation to different regionalisation variants, and to carry out a sensitivity analysis with respect to the effects of the model parameters used to delineate the labour-market regions.

scholarly journals The Intergenerational Transmission of Female Labour Force Participation by Gender among Native and Immigrant Europeans: A Focus on Religion

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuela Stranges
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Intergenerational Transmission ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Immigrant Women ◽  
Religious Affiliation ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Female Labor Force Participation ◽  
Female Labor

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to explore the intergenerational transmission of female labor force participation from mothers to children. Using data collected by the European Social Survey from 2002 to 2018 (N = 118,219), we analyse four different samples of native and immigrant women and men in order to assess the relationship between working mothers and their daughters and sons' wives participation to the labour market. For both native and immigrant women, having had their mothers employed when the respondents were 14 was associated with higher probability they were employed at the time of survey. Similarly, for both native and immigrant men, having had their mothers employed when the respondents were 14 was associated with higher probability their wives were employed at the time of the survey. We concentrate our attention on the role of religion. We find that religiosity is negatively related to the participation of women in the labour market, with differences between those who had a working mother and those who had not. Results of some augmented models indicate that the intergenerational transmission of female labor force participation varies according to religious affiliation.

The Australian labour market in 2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Birch ◽  
Alison Preston
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Employment Growth ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Total Employment ◽  
Labour Force Participation Rate ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
Part Time

1 This article provides an overview of the key features of the labour market in 2019, with historical data providing insight into recent trends. In 2019, the female labour force participation rate reached an all-time high of 61.3%, 10 percentage points lower than the male rate. Disaggregated analysis shows this growth stems from rising participation amongst older women. This, in turn, is underpinned by a growth in feminised sectors of the labour market, notably the Health Care and Social Assistance sector. Since 2000 this sector has contributed 22.6% to total employment growth and at 2019 accounted for 13.5% of the Australian workforce. There has also been a growth in part-time and casual employment over recent years, with the latter now accounting for 25% of all employees. These are concerning developments, with estimates showing that 58.6% of casuals are not guaranteed a minimum number of hours of work in their job. The article notes that wages growth remains below that required to stimulate employment growth, and that a continued focus on conventional labour market indicators has the potential to lead to misguided policy formulation.

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF LIFE-COURSE PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH ON LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION AND EXIT IN LATER LIFE

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. 278-278
Author(s):  
C. Clark ◽  
M. Smuk ◽  
D. Lain ◽  
S. Stansfeld ◽  
M. van der Horst ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Psychological Health ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Impact of childhood and adulthood psychological health on labour force participation and exit in later life

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (9) ◽  
pp. 1597-1608 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Clark ◽  
M. Smuk ◽  
D. Lain ◽  
S. A. Stansfeld ◽  
E. Carr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Health ◽  
Externalizing Problems ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Internalizing And Externalizing Problems ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Internalizing And Externalizing

BackgroundAdulthood psychological health predicts labour force activity but few studies have examined childhood psychological health. We hypothesized that childhood psychological ill-health would be associated with labour force exit at 55 years.MethodData were from the 55-year follow-up of the National Child Development Study (n = 9137). Labour force participation and exit (unemployment, retirement, permanent sickness, homemaking/other) were self-reported at 55 years. Internalizing and externalizing problems in childhood (7, 11 and 16 years) and malaise in adulthood (23, 33, 42, 50 years) were assessed. Education, social class, periods of unemployment, partnership separations, number of children, and homemaking activity were measured throughout adulthood.ResultsChildhood internalizing and externalizing problems were associated with unemployment, permanent sickness and homemaking/other at 55 years, after adjustment for adulthood psychological health and education: one or two reports of internalizing was associated with increased risk for unemployment [relative risk (RR) 1.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.12–2.25; RR 2.37, 95% CI 1.48–3.79] and permanent sickness (RR 1.32, 95% CI 1.00–1.74; RR, 1.48, 95% CI 1.00–2.17); three reports of externalizing was associated with increased risk for unemployment (RR 2.26, 95% CI 1.01–5.04), permanent sickness (RR 2.63, 95% CI 1.46–4.73) and homemaking/other (RR 1.95, 95% CI 1.00–3.78).ConclusionsPsychological ill-health across the lifecourse, including during childhood, reduces the likelihood of working in older age. Support for those with mental health problems at different life stages and for those with limited connections to the labour market, including homemakers, is an essential dimension of attempts to extend working lives.

The Australian Labour Market in 2007

2008 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin O'Brien ◽  
Abbas Valadkhani ◽  
Keith Townsend
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Interest Rate ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Federal Election ◽  
Work Choices

Both global and domestic economic growth remained robust in 2007 resulting in historically low unemployment and high labour force participation in Australia. However, these favourable labour force statistics were overshadowed for much of the year by a number of other issues such as the continuing drought, high oil and petrol prices and associated inflation and interest rate pressures, a November federal election, and the first full year of the operation of the Work Choices legislation. This article will address each of these issues by presenting an analysis of the macroeconomy and labour market, and reviewing the labour market implications of the Work Choices legislation in Australia.

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