scholarly journals Electoral independence, dependence, or co -dependence?: A reassessment of second -order electoral expectations in subnational elections

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Palazzolo
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Electoral Participation ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Institutional Economic ◽  
Subnational Elections ◽  
Second Tier ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Electoral Expectations ◽  
E Mail

In the electoral hierarchy, subnational elections have frequently been relegated to second-order status, as are supranational elections (i.e., European Parliament elections). According to the predictions of the second-order electoral framework, subnational elections should be dependent on national trends, manifest substantially lower participation levels, exhibit anti-government swing and higher support for small and regional parties. However, as subnational governments gain increasing powers and jurisdictional competencies, the potential for greater electoral participation and/or divergent and complex electoral behaviors between the state and substate levels becomes more likely. This dissertation explores what political factors and attitudes affect the likelihood of second-order behavior in a specific set of subnational elections, namely second-tier subnational elections.The first part of the dissertation employs a large cross-national aggregate analysis of second-tier elections in twelve countries from 1980-2002. The principal hypothesis is that a variety of institutional, economic, election-specific, and contextual features affect differential participation and vote choice in second-tier contests. Initial descriptive statistics provide evidence that there are significant variations between and among second-tier units regarding levels of differential turnout, electoral incongruence or deviation, and anti-government swing. Multivariate models indicate that factors such as the level of subnational revenue-raising capacity, subnational electoral timing, and bicameralism (among others) exert significant power over differences in electoral participation and electoral choice in multilevel electoral environments.Individual case studies of subnational elections in Spain, Germany, and Finland further help to elucidate inter-country differences in second-order expectations. The case studies further provide evidence of individual-level factors that impact the incidence of national political dominance, interlevel vote switching and participation in these contests. In particular, the surveys indicate that individual political attitudes and preferences predispose individuals in different manners to participate in second-tier elections, to focus more on national or subnational issues in their subnational electoral decisions, and to vote differently based on the arena in question. The individual and aggregate findings both point to the fact that the stakes of the election (both perceived and actual) directly affect the nature of electoral behavior. The dissertation's findings have distinct implications and consequences for broader political issues of decentralization, democracy, accountability, and representation.-- Chris Palazzolo, PhDHead of Collection ManagementSocial Sciences LibrarianAdjunct Professor, Department of Political ScienceEmory UniversityAtlanta, GA [email protected]<mailto:[email protected]>404-727-0143________________________________This e-mail message (including any attachments) is for the sole use ofthe intended recipient(s) and may contain confidential and privilegedinformation. If the reader of this message is not the intendedrecipient, you are hereby notified that any dissemination, distributionor copying of this message (including any attachments) is strictlyprohibited.If you have received this message in error, please contactthe sender by reply e-mail message and destroy all copies of theoriginal message (including attachments).

Workplace Location and ICTs Substituting Travel

2010 ◽  
pp. 205-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greger Henriksson ◽  
Minna Räsänen
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Social Practices ◽  
Time Service ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Relations Of Power ◽  
Shed Light

This chapter is based on the assumption that keeping the number and length of business and commuting trips at reasonable levels could contribute to reaching targets of environmental sustainability. The authors highlight a couple of options for reducing or avoiding business trips and commuting through workplace location or improved use of communications. They present case studies concerning travel and communications, carried out by using diaries and interviews. They also present relevant literature on social practices and sustainability goals in relation to use of ICT. The aim is to shed light on variation in the use of travel and communications on an individual level in work life. The case studies illustrate that such variation is mainly due to the concrete practices involved in execution of professional duties and roles. Duties that involve a clearly defined end result or product being delivered regularly by the member of staff are correlated to clearly defined needs for communications. Less clearly defined end results of the work duties seem to make it harder for the individual to plan and perform communication and travel in a more energy saving way. The difference in professional duties can thus be expressed in terms of clarity and maturity. Another factor that affect who can replace travel with ICTs is relations of power, e.g., when a purchaser dictates the terms for a subcontractor concerning how and where to “deliver” his working time, service or product. The importance of clarity, maturity and power aspects means that professional practices need to be studied at a detailed level to find out who could substitute ICTs for travel and how this could be done.

scholarly journals A influência do Gestor e sua Ação Frente ao Risco no Processo de Internacionalização: Uma Meta-Síntese

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-300
Author(s):  
Gabrielle Ribeiro Rodrigues da Silva ◽  
Adriana Roseli Wunsch Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Organizational Development ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Internationalization Process ◽  
Strategic Choices ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Qualitative Case Studies ◽  
Cognitive Characteristics ◽  
The Individual

Purpose: The objective is to understand how the manager's behavior and action in relation to risk influence and shape the internationalization processes.Methodology/Approach: A meta-synthesis study of qualitative case studies was carried out jointly involving the manager's influence and the action in relation to risk.Originality/Value: The literature recognizes that the different relationships established with risk can cause managers to overestimate or underestimate situations. However, there is little empirical evidence of how the manager's behavior in these situations changes his strategic choices and background, and a study emphasizing the individual level is significant.Findings: It can be said that the manager and his background influence the involvement and organizational development throughout the internationalization process. It is still possible to highlight that there is a predecessor to risk action, which is the perception of risks. In addition, it appears that the cognitive characteristics of these managers must also be considered when analyzing their perception of risks.Theoretical/Methodological contributions: As a contribution to the research, it is suggested that the manager's action in relation to risk is complemented by his/her perception of risk. It is believed that with this perspective of risk perception, research in the area can expand the theoretical scope of explanation, where this perception presents itself as a predecessor and a frame for future decisions and actions.

scholarly journals The Evolutionary Model of Corporate Entrepreneurship: A Case Study of Samsung Creative-Lab

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 9042
Author(s):  
Bo Young Shin ◽  
Keun Tae Cho
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Evolutionary Model ◽  
Corporate Entrepreneurship ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activities

Despite international interest in corporate entrepreneurship research, relevant knowledge has not been systematically accumulated. Even in practice, the discussions of corporate entrepreneurship revolve around the appropriate level necessary and the preferred method of action. This paper proposes an evolutionary model that outlines corporate entrepreneurship overall in terms of an organization’s entrepreneurial activities. For the research objective, this paper includes in-depth case studies on Samsung’s Creative Lab. The Creative-Lab of Samsung has been actively implementing corporate venture system for eight years. We conducted collective case studies by focusing on a single case (Creative-Lab) and then moving to multiple cases (Creative-Lab spin-off companies). Firstly, the study identifies the development process of entrepreneurship from the individual-level to the firm-level, and from the firm-level to the social-level. Secondly, the study confirms that corporate venturing and the corporate spin-off system have a positive impact on entrepreneurial behavior, which is crucial to seize opportunities. Thirdly, based on the growth factors and performance of corporate entrepreneurship, an evolutionary model of corporate entrepreneurship is proposed in this paper. This study can contribute to the establishment of an integrated and structured mechanism of related research as it comprehensively reviews the antecedents, elements, and outcomes of corporate entrepreneurship.

scholarly journals Europe matters … upon closer investigation: a novel approach for analysing individual-level determinants of vote choice across first- and second-order elections, applied to 2019 Italy

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 334-349
Author(s):  
Davide Angelucci ◽  
Lorenzo De Sio ◽  
Aldo Paparo
Keyword(s):  
Classical Model ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Vote Choice ◽  
Order Effects ◽  
Party Change ◽  
European Elections ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Second Order Effects ◽  
The Individual

AbstractAre European Parliament (EP) elections still second-order? In this article, we test the classical model at the individual level in contrast to an alternative ‘Europe matters’ model, by investigating the relative importance of domestic vs. European Union (EU)-related issues among voter-level determinants of aggregate second-order effects, that is, individual party change. We do so by relying on an original, CAWI pre-electoral survey featuring a distinctively large (30) number of both domestic and EU-related, positional and valence issues, with issue attitudes measured according to the innovative ICCP scheme (De Sio and Lachat 2020) which includes issue positions, issue priorities and respondents' assessment of party credibility on both positional and valence goals. Leveraging the concept of ‘normal vote’, we estimate multivariate models of electoral defections from normal voting separately for general and European elections, based on issue party credibility. This allows us to assess: (a) the distinctiveness of the two electoral arenas in terms of issue content; and (b) the relative impact of EU-related and domestic issues on defections of Italian voters. Our findings show that although second-order effects are still relevant in accounting for results in EP elections, vote choice in the latter is also partly due to specific effects of certain policy issues, including some related to the European dimension. This indicates that EP elections have their own political content, for which Europe matters even after controlling for the importance that EU-related issues have acquired in national elections.

Bridging capability gaps in technology transfers within related offsets

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 640-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Margaretha Malm ◽  
Anna Fredriksson ◽  
Kerstin Johansen
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Personal Development ◽  
Explicit Knowledge ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Organizational Level ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Technology Transfers ◽  
Aircraft Manufacturing ◽  
The Individual

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore how capability gaps can be identified and how they can be dealt with in aircraft technology transfers in future offset deals. Design/methodology/approach – The study is based on lessons learned as identified from three case studies of technology transfers from Saab, a Swedish aircraft manufacturing company to South Africa, the Czech Republic, and India. Findings – The capability gap between sender and receiver has to be dealt with on two levels: on an organizational level; and on an individual level. It is proposed that the disseminative capacity constitutes the ability to assess the capability gap between the sender and receiver, and to convert this assessment to adaptations of the product and production process to include in an industrialization process. On the individual level, the capability-raising activities were connected to employees’ knowledge, personal development plans for the transfer of explicit knowledge, as well as on-the-job training to facilitate the exchange of tacit knowledge. Research limitations/implications – The research is based on case studies from one company. Therefore, it is necessary to confirm the proposed propositions through new case studies in other contexts as well as through survey-based research. Originality/value – The paper focusses on the context of offset and reports on actual experiences from a capability perspective of technology transfers within the aircraft manufacturing area. It proposes a structured way of identifying and bridging the capability gap within such transfers.

Case studies with nematodes from the individual to ecosystem level.

2021 ◽  
pp. 341-371
Author(s):  
Hendrik Fueser ◽  
Birgit Gansfort ◽  
Nabil Majdi ◽  
Janina Schenk ◽  
Walter Traunspurger
Keyword(s):  
Food Web ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sediment Quality ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Ecosystem Level ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Organisms smaller than 2 mm in size are ideal candidates for laboratory and field experiments with a theoretical focus. This chapter illustrates this point by drawing on recently published works in which studies of nematodes have informed theories within population and community ecology. Case studies examining the following are presented: (1) Life cycle experiments (individual level), (2) The interactions of two nematode species - competition experiments (population level), (3) Nematode community-based assessments of sediment quality (community level), (4) Nematodes in a detritus-based food web model (food web level).

scholarly journals Pathways into Political Party Membership: Case Studies of Hong Kong Youth

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hoi-Yu Ng
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
Young People ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Political Party ◽  
Party Membership ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Party Members ◽  
The Individual

This article explores and conceptualizes the individual mobilization processes into political party membership of a sample of young people in Hong Kong, a semi-autonomous and semi-democratic region under Chinese sovereignty where political parties are relatively underdeveloped. Based on life history interviews with 23 young party members, I found that the mobilization of young people into party membership comprises three different steps. I also found that not all young party members went through the same order of steps. In total, three orders of steps are identified, which create three different paths into party membership. Lastly, this article found that each mobilization path is shaped by a specific set of macro-, meso-, and individual level influences.

scholarly journals Financing Politics in Indonesia

PCD Journal ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Mohtar Mas'oed ◽  
Amalinda Savirani
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Cultural Capital ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
The Political ◽  
New Order ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The City

This paper aims to map out practices of political financing in Indonesia from the political to the socio-historical perspective. Arguing about the party financing and the corruption of politicians and the parties, this paper also proposes about strategies at the individual level for performing financing politics, as well as factors that help to explain their performance. It compares cases in three different periods of Indonesian history: the post-independence, the Suharto (New Order) era, and reformasi after the fall of Suharto in 1998. This paper discusses and analyses the financing politics belonging to the political and socio-historical perspective, the issue of financing politics, the results of mapping students theses from three universities in Java together with relevant papers by LIPI (the Indonesian Sciences Institute), and directly presents three case studies of individual performing financing politics. Two of the case studies concern with politicians from the post-independence and Suharto era, while the third concerns a member of the city of Solo's local parliament. This paper shows how financing politics would be no longer relevant, as the cultural capital, political capital, and social capital also may contribute in supporting one's political career.

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