scholarly journals HIV Y TOXOPLASMOSIS CEREBRAL A PROPÓSITO DE UN CASO

Author(s):  
Jeaneth Naranjo ◽  
Andrés Mora ◽  
Patricia Chacha ◽  
José Luis Herrera ◽  
Beatriz Venegas

Introducción: En Ecuador al igual que en el resto del mundo la infección por virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) constituye un problema de salud pública, con diagnósticos tardíos en fase avanzada del síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida (SIDA), con toxoplasmosis cerebral una de las infecciones oportunistas más frecuentes que ocurre en pacientes con linfocitos CD4<200/µL. Objetivo: realizar diagnóstico precoz de toxoplasmosis cerebral en pacientes con SIDA y considerar como una verdadera emergencia a fin de disminuir la mortalidad de los pacientes inmunosuprimidos. Caso clínico: paciente de género masculino de 31 años, con antecedente de infección por HIV diagnosticado hace 19 días, con  convulsiones tónico-clónicas generalizadas de tres meses de evolución, cefalea  holocraneana de moderada intensidad, parestesias en hemicara derecha, asimetría comisura labial, tres días antes de su ingreso las crisis convulsivas se hacen diarias, repetitivas y se acompañan de fiebre, al examen físico disartria leve y monoparesia del miembro superior derecho, con biometría hemática con leucocitos 5270 mm3, IgG positiva anti-Toxoplasma gondii,  linfocitosis discreta, pruebas de cuarta y tercera generación para HIV positivas, CD4 de 74/mm3, carga viral de 61500 copias/ml, resonancia magnética nuclear  cerebral contrastada con lesiones intra-axilares corticales, con área hipointensa central, a nivel del lóbulo parietal izquierdo y occipital bilateral, se establece el diagnóstico de encefalitis toxoplásmica, indicándose tratamiento con trimetropin/cotrimoxazol, dexametosona y fármacos antirretrovirales con  abacavir-lamivudina y lopinavir-ritonavir teniendo una buena evolución clínica. Conclusiones: El diagnóstico precoz de encefalitis toxoplásmica basado en criterios epidemiológicos, clínicos, de laboratorio y a la resonancia magnética, permitió buena respuesta al tratamiento empírico antitoxoplásmico.   Palabras claves:   Toxoplasmosis, infecciones oportunistas, encefalitis  ABSTRACT  Introduction: In Ecuador, as in the rest of the world, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection constitutes a public health problem, with late diagnoses in an advanced phase of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), with cerebral toxoplasmosis one of the more frequent opportunistic infections that occur in patients with CD4 lymphocytes <100 / µL. Objective: to make an early diagnosis of cerebral toxoplasmosis in patients with AIDS and to consider it as a true emergency in order to reduce the mortality of immunosuppressed patients. Clinical case: a 31-year-old male patient, with generalized tonic-clonic seizures of three months of evolution, moderate intensity holocranial headache, paresthesia in the right side of the face, asymmetry of the labial commissure, three days before admission the seizures become daily, frequent and accompanied by fever, on physical examination mild dysarthria and monoparesis of the right upper limb, with hematic biometry with leukocytes 5270 mm3, discrete lymphocytosis, fourth and third generation tests for HIV positive, CD4 of 74 / mm3, viral load of 61,500 copies / ml, brain nuclear magnetic resonance with cortical intra-axillary lesions, with a central hypointense area, at the level of the left parietal lobe and bilateral occipital, the diagnosis of toxoplasmic encephalitis is established, indicating treatment with trimethropin / cotrimoxazole, dexamethasone and antiretroviral drugs with abacavir-lamivudine and lopinavir-ritonavir having a good clinical evolution. Conclusions: The early diagnosis of toxoplasmic encephalitis based on epidemiological, clinical, laboratory and magnetic resonance criteria, allowed a good response to empirical antitoxoplasmic treatment. Keywords: Toxoplasmosis, opportunistic infections, encephalitis

Author(s):  
Richard A. Walsh

Multiple system atrophy represents a form of atypical parkinsonism that is challenging to manage and results in rapidly progressive disability and dependence in the absence of effective disease-modifying or symptomatic therapies. Two syndromes are recognized, both associated with autonomic dysfunction—MSA-C and MSA-P, with a predominance of parkinsonian and cerebellar features, respectively. Magnetic resonance imaging can assist with an early diagnosis, demonstrating certain features that can be considered diagnostic in the right clinical context. The typical changes described may not be apparent on an initial scan, so it is worth repeating imaging 1 or 2 years later if the clinical features and course are typical of multiple system atrophy.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hornel Koudokpon ◽  
Victorien Dougnon ◽  
Sètondji Islamiath Kissira ◽  
Jean-Pierre Gnimatin ◽  
Alida Oussou ◽  
...  

Abstract Background: Despite worldwide success of introducing HIV testing and treatment with antiretroviral drugs, HIV remains a real public health problem. Vertical mother-child transmission is a form responsible for many cases of new infections. This study was therefore carried out in order to reduce the prevalence of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in the departments of Mono and Couffo. Method: For this purpose, a total of 374 dry blood spots (DBS) were collected from infants born to HIV-positive mothers during the year 2019, and these DBS were used for the molecular diagnosis of HIV1 in these infants. Information on the type of treatment, the type of diet of infants was also collected. The viral loads of the mothers before delivery were determined after the last antenatal visits. To do so, a venous blood sample was taken from an EDTA tube. These different samples were used for DNA extraction. The early diagnosis of these infants as well as the determination of the viral load were carried out by RT-PCR using the Roche automated system. The results were analyzed with the chi-square test on the SPSS software. Result: The results showed that 51% of the newborns included in the study were male and the vast majority of the newborns were in the 0-6 month age group. 93.41% of the newborns included in this study were tested negative for early detection by RT-PCR. Significant links were observed between the early diagnosis of newborns and the mother's mode of feeding, the PMTCT protocol, and the viral load of the mothers. Monoprophylaxis was predominant in the newborn PMTCT protocol (96.28%). Conclusion: The national program for the prevention of vertical transmission of HIV from mother to child deserves to be continued and strengthened with the objective of zero newborns infected at birth in the departments of Mono and Couffo.


2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (04) ◽  
pp. 214-216
Author(s):  
Soumya Roy

AbstractA 9-year-old girl patient presented with left-sided weakness and joint contractures developing over a period of 18 months. She was known to be suffering from β-thalassemia major and was on regular blood transfusions. Eighteen months ago, she had suffered from an episode of ischemic cerebrovascular accident affecting the right side of her brain. Magnetic resonance angiogram revealed vaso-occlusive disease affecting mainly the anterior cerebral circulation, resembling Moyamoya disease. She was advised to carry out regular physiotherapy but her parents discontinued it, which resulted in the gradual development of joint contractures and muscle wasting.


2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 448-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor B. Oti

The use of Antiretroviral drugs in treating HIV/ AIDS patients has enormously increased their life spans with serious disadvantages. The virus infection still remains a public health problem worldwide with no cure and vaccine for the viral agent until now. The use of nanoparticles (NPs) for the treatment and prevention of HIV/AIDS is an emerging technology of the 21st century. NPs are solid and colloid particles with 10 nm to <1000 nm size range; although, less than 200 nm is the recommended size for nanomedical usage. There are NPs with therapeutic capabilities such as liposomes, micelles, dendrimers and nanocapsules. The particle enters the body mainly via oral intake, direct injection and inhalation. It has been proven to have potentials of advancing the prevention and treatment of the viral agent. Certain NPs have been shown to have selftherapeutic activity for the virus in vitro. Strategies that are novel are emerging which can be used to improve nanotechnology, such as genetic treatment and immunotherapy. In this review, nanoparticles, the types and its characteristics in drug delivery were discussed. The light was furthermore shed on its implications in the prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS.


2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. e231320
Author(s):  
Mário José Pereira-Lourenço ◽  
Duarte Vieira-Brito ◽  
João Pedro Peralta ◽  
Noémia Castelo-Branco

This case report describes the case of a 37-year-old man that noticed an intrascrotal right mass with 1 month of evolution. During physical exam presented with a large mass at the inferior portion of the right testicle, clearly separated from the testicle, with a tender consistency and mobile. An ultrasound was performed that showed a solid and subcutaneous nodular lesion, extra testicular, heterogeneous, measuring 7.2 cm. Pelvic magnetic resonance imageMRI showed a lesion compatible with a lipoma. The patient was subjected to surgical excision of the lesion by scrotal access, having histology revealed a lipoblastoma (LB) of the scrotum. Histological diagnosis was obtained by microscopic characteristics (well-circumscribed fatty neoplasm) and immunohistochemistry (stains for CD34, S100 protein and PLAG1 were positive; stains for MDM2 and CDK4 were negative). LB is extremely rare after adolescence in any location, being this first described case of intrascrotal LB described in adulthood.


2021 ◽  
pp. 875647932199235
Author(s):  
Amber R. Matuzak

Bilateral tubal pregnancy (BTP) is a very rare form of ectopic twin gestation. Many times, they occur after the use of assisted reproductive therapy. Most cases of BTP are diagnosed during laparoscopy. This case report demonstrates a rare preoperative, sonography diagnosis of a spontaneous BTP which occurred after a tubal ligation. The sonogram revealed two corpus luteal cysts, both located on the right ovary, which suggests that the left tubal pregnancy most likely occurred as a result of ovum transmigration. This case demonstrates the important role that sonography plays in the early diagnosis of ectopic pregnancies as well as the importance of thoroughly examining the entire pelvis during a pelvic sonogram.


Hygiene ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 56-68
Author(s):  
Cinzia Casu ◽  
Giovanna Mosaico ◽  
Valentino Natoli ◽  
Antonio Scarano ◽  
Felice Lorusso ◽  
...  

The tongue is able to quickly reflect the state of health or disease of the human body. Tongue inspection is an important diagnostic approach. It is a unique method that allows to explore the pathogenesis of diseases based on the guiding principles of the holistic concept that involves the observation of changes in the lining of the tongue in order to understand the physiological functions and pathological changes of the body. It is a potential method of screening and early detection of cancer. However, the subjective inspection of the tongue has a low reliability index, and therefore computerized systems of acquisition of diagnostic bioinformation have been developed to analyze the lining of the tongue. Next-generation sequencing technology is used to determine the V2–V4 hypervariable regions of 16S rRNA to study the microbiota. A lot of neoplasms are identified only at an advanced phase, while in the early stages, many subjects remain in an asymptomatic form. On the contrary, the early diagnosis is able to increase the prognosis of cancer and improve the survival rates of subjects. Evidently, it is necessary to develop new strategies in oral medicine for the early diagnosis of diseases, and the diagnosis of the tongue as a minimally invasive method is certainly one of them.


2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Cezary Grochowski ◽  
Kamil Jonak ◽  
Marcin Maciejewski ◽  
Andrzej Stępniewski ◽  
Mansur Rahnama-Hezavah

Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess the volumetry of the hippocampus in the Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) of blind patients. Methods: A total of 25 patients with LHON were randomly included into the study from the national health database. A total of 15 patients were selected according to the inclusion criteria. The submillimeter segmentation of the hippocampus was based on three-dimensional spoiled gradient recalled acquisition in steady state (3D-SPGR) BRAVO 7T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocol. Results: Statistical analysis revealed that compared to healthy controls (HC), LHON subjects had multiple significant differences only in the right hippocampus, including a significantly higher volume of hippocampal tail (p = 0.009), subiculum body (p = 0.018), CA1 body (p = 0.002), hippocampal fissure (p = 0.046), molecular layer hippocampus (HP) body (p = 0.014), CA3 body (p = 0.006), Granule Cell (GC) and Molecular Layer (ML) of the Dentate Gyrus (DG)–GC ML DG body (p = 0.003), CA4 body (p = 0.001), whole hippocampal body (p = 0.018), and the whole hippocampus volume (p = 0.023). Discussion: The ultra-high-field magnetic resonance imaging allowed hippocampus quality visualization and analysis, serving as a powerful in vivo diagnostic tool in the diagnostic process and LHON disease course assessment. The study confirmed previous reports regarding volumetry of hippocampus in blind individuals.


Author(s):  
Humsheer Singh Sethi ◽  
Kamal Kumar Sen ◽  
Sudhansu Sekhar Mohanty ◽  
Sangram Panda ◽  
Kolluru Radha Krishna ◽  
...  

Abstract Background There has been a rapid rise in the number of COVID-19-associated rhino-orbital mucormycosis (CAROM) cases especially in South Asian countries, to an extent that it has been considered an epidemic among the COVID-19 patients in India. As of May 13, 2021, 101 CAROM cases have been reported, of which 82 cases were from India and 19 from the rest of the world. On the other hand, pulmonary mucormycosis associated with COVID-19 has a much lesser reported incidence of only 7% of the total COVID-19-associated mucormycosis cases (Singh AK, Singh R, Joshi SR, Misra A, Diab Metab Syndr: Clin Res Rev, 2021). This case report attempts to familiarize the health care professionals and radiologists with the imaging findings that should alarm for follow-up and treatment in the lines of CAROM. Case presentation Rhino-orbital mucormycosis (ROM) is a manifestation of mucormycosis that is thought to be acquired by inhalation of fungal spores into the paranasal sinuses. Here, we describe a 55-year-old male, post COVID-19 status with long standing diabetes who received steroids and ventilator therapy for the management of the viral infection. Post discharge from the COVID-19 isolation ICU, the patient complained of grayish discharge from the right nostril and was readmitted to the hospital for the nasal discharge. After thorough radiological and pathological investigation, the patient was diagnosed with CAROM and managed. Conclusion Uncontrolled diabetes and imprudent use of steroids are both contributing factors in the increased number of CAROM cases. Our report emphasizes on the radiological aspect of CAROM and reinforces the importance of follow-up imaging in post COVID-19 infection cases with a strong suspicion of opportunistic infections.


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