Ethics in Medical Practice and Research

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-56
Author(s):  
Pramod Kattel
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
Human Subject ◽  
Codes Of Conduct ◽  
Basic Sciences ◽  
Medical Practitioners ◽  
Medical Curricula ◽  
Trained Personnel ◽  
Standard Of Practice

Ethics is a moral guide that helps the treatment group to be treated with due respect and care following the standard of practice. It also helps the research to be conducted without or minimal harm to the population under study. Besides ethics, clinical practice and research are guided by some nationally and internationally accepted principles or codes of conduct. The human subject under treatment or study should be respected to the utmost level and should be performed by trained personnel. The importance of ethics starts before studies so should be kept in medical curricula starting from basic sciences so that medical practitioners become acquainted from the beginning of the study.

scholarly journals L'essor de la pratique clinique dans les armées européennes (1750-1800)

Gesnerus ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 54 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 37-58
Author(s):  
Othmar Keel ◽  
Philippe Hudon
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
Clinical Teaching ◽  
Pathological Anatomy ◽  
Surgical Experience ◽  
Medical Practitioners ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Military ◽  
Over Time

This article demonstrates that, before the 19th century and the Paris Clinical School, new medical practice and new clinical teaching based on pathological anatomy (of organs and of tissues) and surgical experience and therapeutic experimentation developed in the military milieu, specifically because of the "auspicious" conditions found there. Over time, this military clinical experience permeated civilian medical practice as military practitioners often moved into civilian practice and collaborated and exchanged experience with their civilian or ex-military colleagues. These conditions, in different forms and at different rhythms, in the great European powers, also favoured a rapprochement between the different groups of medical practitioners - physicians, apothecaries and surgeons - initially in the military milieu, and subsequently in civilian society as well. Finally, the article shows that the coercive disciplinary structure of the military, where sick or wounded soldiers were particularly constrained to act as subjects of experience, expérimentation, clinical teaching and anatomico-pathological research, was one of the conditions propitious to this growth of clinical practice.

A barrier to medical treatment? British medical practitioners, medical appliances and the patent controversy, 1870–1920

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 601-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
CLAIRE L. JONES
Keyword(s):  
Medical Treatment ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
Medical Profession ◽  
Codes Of Conduct ◽  
Current Medical ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Medical Practitioners ◽  
Current Medical Practice ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Patenting Activity

AbstractFrom the late nineteenth century onwards there emerged an increasingly diverse response to escalating patenting activity. Inventors were generally supportive of legislation that made patenting more accessible, while others, especially manufacturers, saw patenting culture as an impediment. The medical profession claimed that patenting represented ‘a barrier to medical treatment’ and was thus detrimental to the nation's health, yet, as I argue, the profession's development of strict codes of conduct forbidding practitioners from patenting resulted in rebellion from some members, who increasingly sought protection for their inventions. Such polarized opinions within the medical trade continue to affect current medical practice today.

Integral Metatheory in the Time of COVID: Implications for Medical and Nursing Teaching and Practice

2021 ◽  
pp. HumanCaring-D-20-00027
Author(s):  
Stephen J. Darcy
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Education ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Patient Care ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
Potential Application ◽  
Illness Experience ◽  
Comprehensive View ◽  
Practice Of Medicine ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Interpretive Framework

Ken Wilber's integral metatheory is an interpretive framework that can that be applied to the clinical practice of medicine and medical and nursing education. It offers a comprehensive view of the patient illness experience superior to current models of patient care and may provide a valuable guide for nursing and medical practice and teaching. This article seeks to explain some of the basic concepts of integral metatheory and show their potential application to practice and teaching using the current COVID-19 pandemic as an illustrative model.

scholarly journals Leve de foetus

1970 ◽  
Vol 71 ◽  
pp. 85-98
Author(s):  
Jolien Gijbels
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Cesarean Section ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
Religious Beliefs ◽  
Codes Of Conduct ◽  
Unborn Fetus

This article discusses how Belgian doctors dealt with religious beliefs in their medicalpractice in the nineteenth century, using the medical discussion of the cesarean section asa case study. In this period doctors faced a dilemma as cesareans were highly mortal forwomen and other altemative operations had fatal consequences for the fetus. Whereasmost Catholic physicians preferred the cesarean section, liberal practitioners often saw noharm in sacrificing the unborn fetus in order to save the mother. By analyzing the argumentsand codes of conduct of Belgian doctors I will show how they demarcated boundariesbetween religious beliefs and their medical practice.

Adrenal incidentaloma

2011 ◽  
pp. 781-788
Author(s):  
Massimo Terzolo
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
Adrenal Mass ◽  
Adrenal Incidentaloma ◽  
Specific Diagnosis ◽  
Incidental Discovery ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Adrenal Disease ◽  
Ct And Mri

Adrenal incidentaloma is an adrenal mass that is discovered serendipitously with a radiological examination performed for indications unrelated to adrenal disease (1). The incidental discovery of an adrenal mass has become an increasingly common problem, because of the widespread use of ultrasonography, CT, and MRI in clinical practice (2, 3). These techniques have greatly improved their power of resolution over recent years, thereby increasing the possibility of detection of tiny adrenal lumps. Several factors hinder a clear characterization of the phenomenon ‘adrenal incidentaloma’, which may be considered as a byproduct of technology applied to medical practice. Adrenal incidentaloma is not a single pathological entity and the likelihood of any specific diagnosis depends both on the circumstances of discovery and the applied definition of incidentaloma. Unfortunately, published reports are inconsistent in applying inclusion and exclusion criteria for these various factors, making the results difficult to interpret. A further issue is the lack of specific clinical features of the patients carrying an adrenal incidentaloma.

The role of diagnosis in medical practice and society

2019 ◽  
pp. 17-33
Author(s):  
Ahmed Samei Huda
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
Clinical Information ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Access To Healthcare ◽  
Social Effects ◽  
Health Statistics ◽  
Social Functions ◽  
Teaching And Research

Organization of knowledge is needed to help doctors learn and recall information in their clinical practice. Diagnostic constructs help, providing prototypes against which doctors can diagnose patient conditions. They then seek to confirm or disprove this diagnosis by searching for relevant information. Attached to these diagnostic constructs are information such as causes, prognosis, and treatment. Diagnostic constructs are provisional and should be changed if information suggests they are incorrect. They also aid communication between professionals for teaching and research, and have important social functions such as providing access to healthcare, determining eligibility for welfare, offering administrative and payment functions, and collecting health statistics. Some social effects of diagnostic constructs can be harmful, such as stigma. Diagnostic constructs are included in broad diagnostic formulations including relevant clinical information.

scholarly journals Pre Clinical- Basic Sciences Teaching Curriculum of a Medical School in a Developing Country -Are We Doing it Right?

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-104
Author(s):  
Kushani Rasangika Atukorala ◽  
Piyusha Atapattu
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Clinical Significance ◽  
Clinical Training ◽  
Training Methods ◽  
Basic Sciences ◽  
Undergraduate Medical Students ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Clinical Exposure ◽  
Teaching Time

Background: Preclinical teaching of basic sciences provides the basis for the development of clinical reasoning skills and the ability to make management decisions. However, many senior undergraduates, pre-interns and doctors indicate that basic sciences knowledge is poorly recalled and has little relevance to their clinical practice. Objectives: To explore the perceptions of medical students in their clinical years, and pre-interns about the basic sciences courses taught to them in the preclinical years, and to assess how each group rates the applicability of these courses to current clinical training. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 118 pre-interns and 146 undergraduate medical students using a self-administered questionnaire, regarding their perceptions on preclinical basic sciences teaching. For statistical analysis chi square test was applied. Results: More than 75% both pre-interns and undergraduates agreed that preclinical teaching was useful and relevant for future clinical work. 50-75% frequently revisited preclinical subjects despite unapparent clinical significance. 55% couldn’t remember most of preclinical content. Physiology was the most retained (76%) and most clinically relevant subject (80%). Majority of (>60%) both the groups suggested more teaching time and >75% suggested concurrent clinical exposure for preclinical teaching. Undergraduates and preinterns differed in that 56% of undergraduates and 37% of pre-interns had studied pre clinical subjects just to pass examinations (p<0.01) Conclusions: Majority of undergraduates and pre-interns felt that preclinical teaching is interesting and relevant for future clinical practice, though recall and clinical significance were suboptimal. Revising teaching methods with interdisciplinary integration, early clinical exposure showing relevance of basic sciences and allocating more teaching time utilizing clinicians should be considered. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbsp.v9i2.22806 Bangladesh Soc Physiol. 2014, December; 9(2): 98-104

The state of ethical-legal oaths in UK medical practice today: Is it time to look at standardising?

2016 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 200-202
Author(s):  
RL Atenstaedt
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Medical Schools ◽  
Hippocratic Oath ◽  
The State ◽  
Rite Of Passage ◽  
Medical Practitioners ◽  
Electronic Survey ◽  
The Uk

The taking of an ethical-legal oath is a “rite of passage” for many medical practitioners. A 1997 paper noted that half of medical schools in the UK administer an oath. I performed a survey of UK medical schools to see whether these are still used today. An electronic survey was sent to 31 UK medical schools, asking them whether the Hippocratic Oath (in any version) was taken by their medical students; non-respondents were followed up by telephone. Information was obtained from 21 UK medical schools, giving a response rate of 68% (21/31). A total of 18 (86%) institutions use an oath. Ethical-legal oaths are therefore taken in the vast majority of UK medical schools today. However, a great variety are used, and there are advantages in standardisation. My recommendation is that the Standard Medical Oath of the UK (SMOUK) is adopted by all medical schools, and that this is also taken regularly by doctors as part of revalidation.

From oppression towards empowerment in clinical practice — offering doctors a model for reflection

2005 ◽  
Vol 33 (66_suppl) ◽  
pp. 47-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janecke Thesen
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Psychiatric Services ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Medical Practitioners ◽  
Busy Clinician ◽  
Theoretical Reasoning ◽  
Stigmatized Groups ◽  
Prejudice And Discrimination

Objectives: This article aims to present an Oppression Model describing how and explaining why doctors sometimes take up the role of oppressor in clinical practice, and to furthermore create change by proposing alternatives. The model is intended to increase awareness of power issues in medical practitioners, thus creating an urge for empowering practices. Design: The Oppression Model is constructed by theoretical reasoning, inspired by empirical findings of doctor-as-oppressor from a Norwegian research project with users of psychiatric services. The model is composed of the chosen theoretical elements, assembled as a staircase model. The model is intended to give descriptions and explanations and foster change relevant to oppressive processes in clinical practice, and is mainly relevant when meeting patients from vulnerable or stigmatized groups. An Empowerment Track is conceptualized in a similar way by theoretical reasoning. Results: The Oppression Model describes a staircase built on a foundation of objectifying, proceeding by steps of stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination up to the final step of institutionalized oppression. An Empowerment Track is proposed, built on a foundation of acknowledgement, proceeding by steps of diversity, positive regard, and solidarity towards empowerment. It represents, however, only one of several possible ways of proceeding in developing empowering practices. Conclusion: Keeping the Oppression Model in mind during patient encounters may help the busy clinician to counteract oppressive attitudes and actions.

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