Comparison of Energy Efficiency Between Macro and Micro Base Stations Using Energy Saving Strategy

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 83-89
Author(s):  
Madhu Sudan Dahal ◽  
Jagan Nath Shrestha ◽  
Shree Raj Shakya
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Heterogeneous Network ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Traffic Demand ◽  
Traffic Pattern ◽  
Low Traffic

To meet the subscribers ever increasing traffic demand, micro and macro base stations are being deployed excessively. As the traffic pattern varies according to the user's behavior, the deployment of micro and macro base stations plays a vital role in saving energy while maintaining the traffic demand of the subscribers. A macro base station consumes more than double the energy than a micro base station. Due to the space and time characteristics of the traffic, the BS cannot allocate resources effectively, which results in wasting energy consumption and low energy efficiency. Therefore, energy saving through deployment of base stations play a significant role to increase the energy efficiency. In this paper, the user traffic pattern is determined and the resources needed to fulfill the traffic are analyzed and finally the deployment strategies for the base stations are formulated. Since the base stations are fully loaded only for few hours a day, energy saving on the stations during low traffic will be significant. The energy saving schemes saved up to 18.8 % of energy in macro and 26.9 % of energy in micro BS. So, it would be more efficient to implement a heterogeneous network with more micro cells with energy saving schemes than just macro base stations.

scholarly journals Energy Efficient Caching in Backhaul-Aware Cellular Networks with Dynamic Content Popularity

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiequ Ji ◽  
Kun Zhu ◽  
Ran Wang ◽  
Bing Chen ◽  
Chen Dai
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Cellular Networks ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Noise Model ◽  
Traffic Demand ◽  
Hit Rate ◽  
Dynamic Content ◽  
Content Popularity ◽  
Cache Capacity

Caching popular contents at base stations (BSs) has been regarded as an effective approach to alleviate the backhaul load and to improve the quality of service. To meet the explosive data traffic demand and to save energy consumption, energy efficiency (EE) has become an extremely important performance index for the 5th generation (5G) cellular networks. In general, there are two ways for improving the EE for caching, that is, improving the cache-hit rate and optimizing the cache size. In this work, we investigate the energy efficient caching problem in backhaul-aware cellular networks jointly considering these two approaches. Note that most existing works are based on the assumption that the content catalog and popularity are static. However, in practice, content popularity is dynamic. To timely estimate the dynamic content popularity, we propose a method based on shot noise model (SNM). Then we propose a distributed caching policy to improve the cache-hit rate in such a dynamic environment. Furthermore, we analyze the tradeoff between energy efficiency and cache capacity for which an optimization is formulated. We prove its convexity and derive a closed-form optimal cache capacity for maximizing the EE. Simulation results validate the proposed scheme and show that EE can be improved with appropriate choice of cache capacity.

scholarly journals An Optimum User Association Algorithm in Heterogeneous 5G Networks Using Standard Deviation of the Load

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1495
Author(s):  
Noha Hassan ◽  
Xavier Fernando
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
High Power ◽  
Coverage Probability ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
User Association ◽  
Optimum Number ◽  
Network Load

Fifth-generation (5G) wireless networks and beyond will be heterogeneous in nature, with a mixture of macro and micro radio cells. In this scenario where high power macro base stations (MBS) coexist with low power micro base stations (mBS), it is challenging to ensure optimal usage of radio resources to serve users with a multitude of quality of service (QoS) requirements. Typical signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR)-based user allocation protocols unfairly assign more users to the high power MBS, starving mBS. There have been many attempts in the literature to forcefully assign users to mBS with limited success. In this paper, we take a different approach using second order statistics of user data, which is a better indicator of traffic fluctuations. We propose a new algorithm for user association to the appropriate base station (BS) by utilizing the standard deviation of the overall network load. This is done through an exhaustive search of the best user equipment (UE)–BS combinations that provide a global minimum to the standard deviation. This would correspond to the optimum number of UEs assigned to every BS, either macro or micro. We have also derived new expressions for coverage probability and network energy efficiency for analytical performance evaluation. Simulation results prove the validity of our proposed methods to balance the network load, improve data rate, average energy efficiency, and coverage probability with superior performance compared with other algorithms.

scholarly journals User Association and Small-Cell Base Station On/Off Strategies for Energy Efficiency of Ultradense Networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Gao ◽  
Qing Ren ◽  
Pei Shang Gu ◽  
Xin Song
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Optimization Method ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
User Association ◽  
User Mobility ◽  
Efficient Design ◽  
Widespread Application ◽  
Cell Base

The widespread application of wireless mobile services and requirements of ubiquitous access have resulted in drastic growth of the mobile traffic and huge energy consumption in ultradense networks (UDNs). Therefore, energy-efficient design is very important and is becoming an inevitable trend. To improve the energy efficiency (EE) of UDNs, we present a joint optimization method considering user association and small-cell base station (SBS) on/off strategies in UDNs. The problem is formulated as a nonconvex nonlinear programming problem and is then decomposed into two subproblems: user association and SBS on/off strategies. In the user association strategy, users associate with base stations (BSs) according to their movement speeds and utility function values, under the constraints of the signal-to-interference ratio (SINR) and load balancing. In particular, taking care of user mobility, users are associated if their speed exceeds a certain threshold. The macrocell base station (MBS) considers user mobility, which prevents frequent switching between users and SBSs. In the SBS on/off strategy, SBSs are turned off according to their loads and the amount of time required for mobile users to arrive at a given SBS to further improve network energy efficiency. By turning off SBSs, negative impacts on user associations can be reduced. The simulation results show that relative to conventional algorithms, the proposed scheme achieves energy efficiency performance enhancements.

Heat Pumps for Energy Saving of Building Hot Water Supply

2011 ◽  
Vol 347-353 ◽  
pp. 587-590
Author(s):  
Qing Hai Luo ◽  
Zheng Zuo
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Heat Pump ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Water Heaters ◽  
Hot Water Supply

This paper analyzes the energy consumption of hot water supply in buildings and the insurmountable shortcoming of low energy efficiency of conventional water heaters, and investigates the progress and problems of developing heat pump water heaters. It is pointed out that developing of heat pump water heaters is one of the efficient approaches to improve the energy efficiency of hot water supply.

scholarly journals An Optimal Energy Efficiency of a Two-tier Network in Control-Data Separation Architecture

2020 ◽  
pp. 545-550
Author(s):  
Zaid Mujaiyid Putra Bin Ahmad Baidowi ◽  
◽  
Xiaoli Chu
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Point Processes ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Mobile Users ◽  
Maximization Problem ◽  
User Association ◽  
Data Separation ◽  
Cell Base

In this paper, we propose to maximize the Energy Efficiency (EE) of a two-tier network by jointly optimizing the number of active small cell base stations (SBSs) and the user-cell association. We apply the concept of signaling and data separation where a macro cell base station (MBS) provides full coverage while the SBSs provide high data transmission. First, we model the spatial distributions of the SBSs and mobile users following two independent Poisson Point Processes (PPP) and derive the expressions for the Signal-to-Interference Ratio (SIR), user cell associations, power consumption and energy efficiency of the Heterogeneous Network (HetNet). Then, we formulate the EE maximization problem and solve it by proposing the Switching off Decision and User Association (SODUA) algorithm. The algorithm associates a mobile user to an SBS that offers the highest SIR and calculates the load of each SBS. The algorithm, then, decides to switch off the SBSs that have fewer mobile users than a threshold value, where the mobile users will be offloaded to a nearby SBS that offers the highest SIR. Finally, we calculate the EE of the HetNet. We compare the EE achieved by the proposed algorithm (i.e. after offloading) and that "without offloading". The results show that the proposed algorithm improves the EE of the HetNet and that the EE cannot be further improved by switching off more SBSs than a certain number.

scholarly journals Performance measurement of small-cells deployed under a heterogeneous network: an analysis of the co-existence of small-cells with the macro‑cell in 5G NR

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mobasshir Mahbub ◽  
Bobby Barua
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Networks ◽  
Heterogeneous Network ◽  
Power Efficiency ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Macro Cell ◽  
Received Power ◽  
Implementation Costs

Abstract Advancements of cellular networks such as 4G and 5G proposed the collaboration of small-cell technologies in mobile networks and constructed a heterogeneous network (HetNet) for collaborative connectivity. There are many benefits of small-cell-based collective communication such as the increase of device capability in indoor/outdoor locations, enhancement of wireless coverage, improved signal efficiency, lower implementation costs of gNB (Next-generation Base Station introduced in 5G), etc. The integration of small-cells by deploying low-power BSs (base stations) in conventional macro-gNBs was investigated as a convenient and economical way of raising the potentials of a cellular network with high demand from consumers. The fusion of small-cells with macro-cells offers increased coverage and capacity for heterogeneous networks. Therefore, the research aimed to realize the performance of a small-cell deployed under a macro-cell in a two-tier heterogeneous network. The research first modified the reference equation for measuring the received power by introducing the transmitter and receiver gain. The paper then measured the SINR, throughput, spectral efficiency, and power efficiency for both downlink and uplink by empirical simulation. The research further enlisted the notable outcomes after examining the simulation results and discussed some relevant research scopes in the concluding sections of the paper.

scholarly journals Cell Throughput based Sleep Control Scheme for Heterogeneous Cellular Networks

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-33
Author(s):  
Prapassorn Phaiwitthayaphorn ◽  
Kazuo Mori ◽  
Hideo Kobayashi ◽  
Pisit Boonsrimuang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Power Consumption ◽  
Cellular Networks ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
Network Capacity ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Improve Energy Efficiency ◽  
Sleep Control

The mobile traffic continuously grows at a rapid rate driven by the widespread use of wireless devices. Along with that, the demands for higher data rate and better coverage lead to increase in power consumption and operating cost of network infrastructure. The concept of heterogeneous networks (HetNets) has been proposed as a promising approach to provide higher coverage and capacity for cellular networks. HetNet is an advanced network consisting of multiple kinds of base stations, i.e., macro base station (MBS), and small base station (SBS). The overlay of many SBSs into the MBS coverage can provide higher network capacity and better coverage in cellular networks. However, the dense deployment of SBSs would cause an increase in the power consumption, leading to a decrease in the energy efficiency in downlink cellular networks. Another technique to improve energy efficiency while reducing power consumption in the network is to introduce sleep control for SBSs. This paper proposes cell throughput based sleep control which the cell capacity ratio for the SBSs is employed as decision criteria to put the SBSs into a sleep state. The simulation results for downlink communications demonstrate that the proposed scheme improves the energy efficiency, compared with the conventional scheme.

scholarly journals Energy Competence of Base Station in cellular Network

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 2020-2023
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Cellular Network ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
System Throughput ◽  
Environment Impact ◽  
Green Networking ◽  
Remote Areas

Energy efficiency is the key concept of wireless communication to achieve green network. Green networking is the process that reduces consumption of energy as well for conserving bandwidth and also for any other process that will ultimately reduce energy use and, indirectly, the expense. With the rapid growth of technologies in wireless network and rapid increase of mobile users the problem of spectrum usage as well as energy consumption plays a vital role. As there is anexponential increase in the deployment of base station every year the power consumed by base station is the significant theme of intrigue. The increase in the number of base stations also leads to environment impact of CO2 emission which is normally due to powering up the base station which is located in remote areas as these off-grid sites are powered by diesel generators. It is been predicted that if this trend continues then the energy consumed by cellular network in future will lead to a serious problem.Thus, there has to be a tradeoff between the quantity of subscribers and the quantity of base station or otherwise it will affect the system throughput. In this paper a brief review of methods that have been used recently to improve the energy consumed by the base station is analyzed.

scholarly journals An Improved Leach Algorithm Based on Wireless Sensor Networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2S8) ◽  
pp. 1623-1628
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Current Generation ◽  
Cluster Heads ◽  
Computation Algorithm ◽  
Stable Election Protocol

In our current generation, wireless sensor network is much in use and has become quintessential. With wide improvement of technology and the various ranges developed in communication and in other aspects, this document mainly focuses on the LEACH algorithm (Adaptive Low Energy Hierarchy) and the second most important methodology used is the SEP (stable election protocol). We have discovered improvements in energy efficiency by comparing our results with these two algorithms and the sensor mortality rate is reduced to a greater extent. This research proposes an improved computation algorithm method for the calculation of LEACH clustering, by considering the importance of the cluster heads and the sensor nodes present, T (n) is reorganisedrecommendinga procedure that focuses on reducing the energy consumption. The combined rate of information is found by allowing cluster heads to gather information before it is sent to base station. This improved computation algorithmwill be able to increase vital utilisation of networks and increase sensor life.

scholarly journals Stochastic Geometry Analysis of Downlink Spectral and Energy Efficiency in Ultradense Heterogeneous Cellular Networks

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiaqi Lei ◽  
Hongbin Chen ◽  
Feng Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Cellular Networks ◽  
Stochastic Geometry ◽  
Density Ratio ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Heterogeneous Cellular Networks ◽  
Downlink Throughput ◽  
The Impact

The energy efficiency (EE) is a key metric of ultradense heterogeneous cellular networks (HCNs). Earlier works on the EE analysis of ultradense HCNs by using the stochastic geometry tool only focused on the impact of the base station density ratio and ignored the function of different tiers. In this paper, a two-tier ultradense HCN with small-cell base stations (SBSs) and user equipments (UEs) densely deployed in a traditional macrocell network is considered. Firstly, the performance of the ultradense HCN in terms of the association probability, average link spectral efficiency (SE), average downlink throughput, and average EE is theoretically analyzed by using the stochastic geometry tool. Then, the problem of maximizing the average EE while meeting minimum requirements of the average link SE and average downlink throughput experienced by UEs in macrocell and small-cell tiers is formulated. As it is difficult to obtain the explicit expression of average EE, impacts of the SBS density ratio and signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) threshold on the network performance are investigated through numerical simulations. Simulation results validate the accuracy of theoretical results and demonstrate that the maximum value of average EE can be achieved by optimizing the SBS density ratio and the SINR threshold.

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