scholarly journals Role and Status of English and Other Languages in Nepal

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 105-112
Author(s):  
Sagun Shrestha

This paper analyses the role and status of English and other languages in Nepal as well as talks about the attitude of several agents towards English and other languages when used in the domains such as education, media and business. Nepal is a culturally and linguistically diversified country and has undergone various socio-political changes in a very short span of time primarily beginning from 1950 as of now. These changes include abolition of Panchayat, a system in which the king ruled directly led to a democratic country and end of a decade long civil war as well as abolition of monarchy which led to a country as the federal republic. These socio-political changes have made a direct significant impact on language planning and policy. The official language, Nepali and the international language, English are the dominant languages in Nepal which in many cases overshadow the promotion of other vernacular languages. As a result, a majority of people opt for these dominant languages overlooking their own indigenous linguistic affluence. In this paper, as a conclusive remark, I also argue that some plans followed by pragmatic measures are needed to uplift the status of majority of other languages in Nepal. Journal of NELTA, Vol. 21, No. 1-2, 2016, Page:105-112

2007 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Cardinal ◽  
Anne-Andrée Denault ◽  
Natalie Riendeau

The article discusses the debate on bilingualism in Wales from 2001 to 2006. It argues that while the status of Welsh has been improving perceptibly in Wales since the devolution process in 1998, there is still much disagreement on the meaning of a bilingual Wales. Building on Laponce’s concepts of collaborative and competitive bilingualisms, it discusses the positions of the main actors involved in the bilingualism debate in Wales. It also identifies some lessons from the Welsh case for furthering our understanding of the politics of language planning and policy-making.


1981 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heinrich P. Kelz

SUMMARY Language Planning in the Philippines and the Development of a Philippine National Language The numerous languages spoken in the Philippine archipelago — though all belonging to the same language family — are so different from each other that normally speakers of different languages can only communicate by help of a lingua franca. They may either employ one of the six dominant native languages spoken by more than 80% of the total population: Tagalog (24.5%), Sugbuanon (Cebuano, 24.1%), Iloko (Ilocano, 11.3%), Hiligaynon (10.2%), Bikol (Vicolano, 6.8%), and Waray (Samar-Leyte, 4.8%) or they may use English. With the growing influence of the United States of America since the turn of the century and the building up of a new school system, English has gained predominance in the fields of education and administration, thus frustrating the first attempts at the establishment of Tagalog, the language of Manila, as a common official language. During the past 80 years, English has undergone a development towards what can rightly be called Filipino English, differing from British as well as American English. In 1936, when the Philippines had become a Commonwealth under President Quezon, Tagalog — mainly because of its comparatively wide influence and because it had already been the subject of rather detailed linguistic research — was again chosen to become the future national language. This decision was strongly opposed by the speakers of Sugbuanon and Hiligaynon, and, at the end of the 1950s, the government was forced to change the name of the National Language from Tagalog to Filipino. Since 1936, the national language-planning institution Surian ng Wikang Pambasa has been working on the further improvement of this Tagalog-based language, absorbing elements from various other native and non-native languages. Next to the universities, which are active in the field of language-planning, it is above all the influence of schools, films, newspapers, and the cultural attraction of Manila, the center of the Tagalog area, which helps to strengthen the significance of Pilipino (now called Filipino) as a National Language. The development, however, has by no means been completed, and its political impact has led to the formation of five schools which are at variance about questions of linguistic content and form, but also about the status an official National Language is to have within the framework of society. At present, language-planning institutions in the Philippines still have to solve four major problems which result from the conflicting positions of (a) English vs. the various native languages, (b) the native National Language vs. the other native languages, (c) the "old" national language Pilipino vs. the "new" one, Filipino, and (d) the purist vs. liberal trend in language-planning. The predominance of English has gradually been reduced by a growing tendency towards a "Bilingual Approach," and Tagalog/Filipino has won considerable favor in many parts of the country. But the rivalry between Pilipino as Official Language and Filipino as National Language is the center of a problem which cannot be solved by official planning alone. RESUMO La lingvoplanado en Filipinoj kaj la estiĝo de fïlipina nacia lingvo La multaj lingvoj parolataj en la filipina arhipelago ĉiuj apartenas al la sama lingva familio. Sed ili tiom diferencas unu de la alia, ke parolantoj de apartaj lingvoj kutime povas interkomunikiĝi nur per komuna helplingvo. Ili povas utiligi au unu el la ses ĉefaj indiĝenaj lingvoj, parolataj de pli ol 80 pc. de la enloĝantaro, t.e. la tagala (24,5%), la sugbuana (cebuana, 24,1%), la iloka (11,3%), la hiligajna (10,2%), la bikola (6,8%) kaj la varaja (4,8%), au ili uzas la anglan. Pro la kreskinta influo de Usono ekde la komenco de nia jarcento kaj la kreigo de nova lerneja sistemo, la angla ekregis en la edukado kaj la administrado, tiel malhelpante la unuajn klopodojn starigi la tagalan, la lingvon de Manilo, kiel komunan oficialan lingvon. Dum la pasintaj 80 jaroj, la angla evoluigis gis prave nomebla filipina angla, kiu diferencas disde la brita kaj la usona anglaj lingvoj. Kiam en 1936 Filipinoj igis Komunumaĵo sub la Prezidanto Quezon, la tagala, ĉefe pro sia relative vasta influo kaj car pri gi jam ekzistis iom vasta lingvistika esplorado, estis ankoraǔfoje elektita kiel estonta oficiala nacia lingvo. La parolantoj de la cebuana kaj la hiligajna forte oponis sin al tiu decido, kaj fine de la 1950-aj jaroj, la registaro estis devigata sangi la nomon de la Nacia Lingvo for de la tagala al la pilipina. Ekde 1936 la lingvoplana institute Surian ng Wikang Pambasa plue plibonigadas tiun lingvon, kiu bazigas en la tagala, ensorbante elementojn el pluraj aliaj indiĝenaj kaj neindigenaj lingvoj. Krom la universitatoj, kiuj aktivas en la lingvoplanado, cefe la lernejoj, filmoj, gazetoj kaj la kultura altirpovo de Manilo, la centro de la tagallingva zono, fortigas la gravecon de la pilipina, kiu nun nomiĝas la filipina, kiel Nacia Lingvo. Sed la evoluo certe ne finigis. Gia politika efiko kreis kvin skolojn, kiuj varias inter si pri demandoj de lingva enhavo kaj formo, sed ankaù pri la rolo de oficiala Nacia Lingvo en la kadro de l'socio. La lingvoplanaj institucioj en Filipinoj nuntempe devas solvi kvar cefajn problemojn, kiuj rezultas de la konfliktaj roloj de: a) la angla vid-al-vide al la diversaj indiĝenaj lingvoj; b) la indigena Nacia Lingvo vid-al-vide al la ceteraj indigenaj lingvoj; c) la "malnova" nacia lingvo, la pilipina, vid-al-vide al la "nova," la filipina; kaj c) la purisma vid-al-vide al la liberala tendencoj en la lingvoplanado. La superregado de la angla laùstupe reduktigis gis kreskanta tendenco al "dulingva aliro," kaj la tagala/filipina gajnis konsiderindan favoron multloke. Sed la konkurado inter la pilipina kiel Oficiala Lingvo kaj la filipina kiel Nacia Lingvo estas la koro de problemo, ne solvebla nur per la oficiala planado.


Author(s):  
Г. Кульбаева

Аннотация. В статье рассматривается вопрос о функционировании русского языка в образовательном пространстве КГМА. Большое место в работе занимает роль русского языка в учебной деятельности студентов-медиков. Мотивацией к изучению именно, русского языка являются следующие факторы: статус официального языка; возможность привлечь внимание широкого круга специалистов к своим исследованиям; понимание престижности русского языка. В статье нашли отражение различные формы работы по расширению сферы использования русского языка в медицинской академии. В работе уделено внимание и профильным учебным пособиям, разработанным автором статьи. Анализ некоторых заданий позволяет констатировать тот факт, что содержание пособии определено через компетенции, одной из которых является языковая. Ключевые слова:язык обучения, фундаментальные науки, соматические ФЕ, компетентностная основа, профессиональная направленность, жаргонная лексика. Аннотация. Макалада КММАнын билим берүү мейкиндеги орус тилин өздөштүү маселеси каралат. Орус тили студент-медиктердин окуу ишмердигинде чоң роль ойнойт. Расмий тил статусу, өз изилдөөлөрүнө көпчүлүк адистердин көңүлүн буруу мүмкүнчүлүгү, орус тилинин баркын түшүнүү, өзгөчөлөп билүүгө далил болуп эсептелет. Макалада медициналык академияда орус тили колдонуу чөйрөсүн кеңейтүү боюнча иштөөнү ар кандай формалары көрсөтүлгөн. Эмгекте макаланын автору иштеп чыккан адистик окуу колдонмолорго да көңул бурулган. Кээ бир тапшырмалардын анализи колдонмонун мазмуну компетенция, анын бирөөсү тил аркылуу аныкталганын факт катары көрсөтүүгө мүмкүндүк түзөт. Түйүндүү сөздөр: фундаменталдык илимдер, соматикалык фразеологизмдер, компетенттик негиз, профессионалдык багытталыш, жаргондук лексика. Summary. The article discusses the Russian language functioning in the of the KSMA’s educational space. Russian language plays a big role in the educational activity of the medical students. The main motivation of learning the Russian language has the following points: the status of the official language; the opportunity to attract the attention of a wide range of specialists to their research; understanding of the prestige of the Russian language. The article reflected various forms of work to expand the scope of the use of the Russian language at the medical academy. The work focuses on specialized textbooks developed by the author of the article. An analysis of some tasks allows us to state the fact that the content of the manual is determined through competencies, one of which is the language. Key words: teaching language, fundamental sciences, somatic phraseological unit, slang vocabulary.


1984 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-52
Author(s):  
Mahmud A. Faksh

I.Since the end of World War 11, approximately eighty new states havebeen established. Only two, Pakistan and Cyprus, have undergone theagony of dismemberment when Bangladesh broke off in 1973 and theTurkish Republic of Northern Cyprus was declared in 1983. The worldmay now be witnessing the possible breakup of yet a third state:Lebanon, whose disintegration has been accelerated since the June 1982Israeli invasion.Shortly after the invasion began, Henry Kissinger assessed itsconsequence for Lebanon’s future, concluding, “It is neither desirablenor possible to return to the status quo ante in Lebanon.” One possibleoutcome was that some Syrian and Israeli forces would remain in thenorthern and southern ends, respectively, and the central government’sauthority would ostensibly cover the rest of the country. Implicit in theKissinger diagnosis is the possibility of eventual partition.Though the gloomy assessment by the “wizard” of US. foreign policyshould by no means be construed as a portent of an official shift awayfrom the publicly stated US. support of “Lebanon’s sovereignty andterritorial integrity,” a shadow was cast on the country’s prospects.Subsequent developments have seemed to indicate that Lebanon’sdemise looms larger than at any time since the beginning of the civil warin 1975-76.For over a year and a half national fragmentation has proceededinexorably. What many people once could imagine only with difficulty,they now acknowledge: in reality, Lebanon is facing possible death. TheSouth (35 percent of the land area) is occupied by Israel; the North andthe Biqa’ (45 percent) are controlled by Syria; Kasrawan (15 percent) iscontrolled by the Christian Maronite forces (the Lebanese Front forces),which are not subject to the government’s authority. The rest of thecountry-beleaguered Beirut and environs-was until the February1984 breakdown under the government’s shaky control supported bysymbolic US., French, Italian, and British units. The Multi-NationalForce (MNF) was subject to increasing attacks by Muslim leftist factions,as witnessed in the October 23 bombing of the quarters of U.S.Marines and French troops. Thus, instead of keeping peace, the MNFbecame ,a partisan force trying to protect itself. The US. and Frenchforces in particular seemed to have outlived their usefulness as“peacekeepers.” Recurrent fighting in southern Beirut and in theadjacent Chouf mountains, that pitted Christian Maronites and armyunits against Shi‘ite and Druse Muslims constantly threatened theexistence of President Amin Gemayel’s government and consequently arenewal of the civil war. This situation culminated in February 1984 inthe resignation of the Shafiq al-Wazzan’s cabinet, the loss ofgovernment’s control of West Beirut to Muslim-leftist militias, and theimminent collapse of Amin Gemayel’s presidency ...


Author(s):  
Benjamin A. Schupmann

Chapter 2 reinterprets Schmitt’s concept of the political. Schmitt argued that Weimar developments, especially the rise of mass movements politically opposed to the state and constitution, demonstrated that the state did not have any sort of monopoly over the political, contradicting the arguments made by predominant Weimar state theorists, such as Jellinek and Meinecke. Not only was the political independent of the state, Schmitt argued, but it could even be turned against it. Schmitt believed that his contemporaries’ failure to recognize the nature of the political prevented them from adequately responding to the politicization of society, inadvertently risking civil war. This chapter reanalyzes Schmitt’s political from this perspective. Without ignoring enmity, it argues that Schmitt also defines the political in terms of friendship and, importantly, “status par excellence” (the status that relativizes other statuses). It also examines the relationship between the political and Schmitt’s concept of representation.


English Today ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 3-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
abdullah hassan

recent developments in malaysia have brought forth many issues vis-à-vis language planning, notably including the return to english as a medium of instruction. the present review addresses current linguistic issues and their implications for malay as the national official language, bringing together linguistics, sociology, education, psychology, communication, geography, history, politics, finance and management, in a nation which is not only multilingual but also multiethnic, multi-religious and multicultural. to make the matter more complex still, the immigrant population is almost as large as the so-called indigenous ‘majority’.


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