A study on orthodontic retention practices in Nepal

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-33
Author(s):  
Anjana Karmacharya ◽  
Dashrath Kafle ◽  
Ram Bhakta Adhikari ◽  
Nirjalla Malla
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Specific Situation ◽  
Multiple Choice Questions ◽  
Short Answer ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Retention Practices ◽  
Survey Questionnaires

Introduction: Retainers are used after all orthodontic treatment, to prevent or minimize relapse and recurrence. Among various retainers used, Hawley retainer and ‘invisible’ retainers are the most common. Most of the orthodontists favored permanent retention. It is obvious that the retention procedures are variable and depended largely on personal preferences, and there does not seem to be any consistent pattern in the application of retention methodologies. The  purpose of this study was to survey the retention protocols among orthodontists in Nepal. Materials and Method: The complete lists of the names and addresses of orthodontists in Nepal was obtained from the ODOAN. The questionnaire was sent to them which consisted of multiple-choice questions and short answer, related to background information of the individual orthodontist, retention use in general, the frequency of different types of bonded or removable retainers that are used, the retention protocol, the type of retainer used in specific situation. All statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 12.0.1 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, Illinois, USA) Result: The survey questionnaires were completed by 90.42% of the 94 orthodontists of Nepal, 58.8% males and 41.2% females with a mean age of 36.7 years. Most of the orthodontists used a clear (vacuum) retainer (80%) in the maxilla and fixed bonded retainer in the mandible. Most of them prefer the use of retainer for a continuous 24 hours except during eating and brushing for 6 months to 1 year (56.5%) and if possible, for 1 to 2 years (28.2%). Conclusion: Majority of Nepalese orthodontists provide vacuum formed retainer on maxillary arch and bonded retainer in mandibular arch. There is no specific consensus on other type of retainers, duration of wear and follow up visits which is affected by various other factors.

The Social Psychology of Property: Looking Beyond Market Exchange

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 367-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janice Nadler
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Social Psychology ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Market Exchange ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Legal Doctrine ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Individual

Our social norms and moral values shape our beliefs about the propriety of different types of market exchanges. This review considers social and moral influences on beliefs about property and the consequences of these beliefs for the legal regulation of property. The focus is mainly on empirical evidence from social psychology, with additions from related areas like cognitive psychology, behavioral economics, and other social sciences. After briefly reviewing empirical findings on perceptions of property at the level of the individual person, I examine how social relationships shape perceptions about ownership and exchange of property, as well as the boundaries of the broad category of property. Finally, I explore one important type of socially embedded property—the home—and how social psychological conceptions of property as embedded in social relationships have clashed with the development of the legal doctrine of eminent domain.

Estimation of critical gaps and follow-up times at median uncontrolled T-intersection

2021 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 105-124
Author(s):  
Renata Żochowska ◽  
Adrian Barchański
Keyword(s):  
Limited Extent ◽  
Street Network ◽  
Pilot Studies ◽  
Current Form ◽  
The Road ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Given ◽  
Point Type

The efficiency of the entire transportation system depends on the capacity of the individual elements that make up the given network. Point-type elements of the road and street network include intersections of different types. Critical gaps and follow-up times related to individual movements are important determinants of the capacity of such objects. There are many ways to estimate such times. The article discusses the assumptions and scheme one of them - the Siegloch method. The objective of the article is to analyze the process of determining critical gaps and follow-up times at the median uncontrolled T-intersections that are rare in the road and street network and have been studied to a limited extent. The commonly used HCM, HBS, and Polish (MOP SBS) methods in their current form do not consider the speci-ficity of such intersections and thus may not give reliable results. Due to their characteristics in terms of geometry conditions, there is a need for an individual approach to estimate both critical gaps and follow-up times. The article contains the results of empirical research conducted on a selected real object in the Upper Silesian agglomeration in Poland. The intersection under study is located in one of the central districts of Katowice city, in the built-up area serving commercial and service functions. The analysis of the behavior of individual drivers waiting for the possibility to continue driving was conducted separately for each minor traffic movement. The values of critical gaps and follow-up times were determined for all four subordinate movements. The values obtained are different from those contained in the Polish manual, which is recommended for use. The research should be considered as pilot studies that justify the need to develop a separate approach to the estimation of the critical gaps and follow-up times at median uncontrolled T-intersections.

Different types of panic attacks-three case reports

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 144-144
Author(s):  
M. Chai
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Panic Attack ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Panic Attacks ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Specific Situation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
One Year ◽  
Specific Fear

Case report/ IntroductionA panic attack is an explosion of high anxiety. It is strongly associated with a sense of losing control or predicting that the very worst will happen. It is not a mental disorder, more than one in five people experience one or more panic attacks in their lifetime, but few go on to develop panic disorder or agoraphobia. There are different types of panic attacks: Cued Panic Attacks, Situational Predisposed Panic Attacks and Spontaneous Panic Attacks.ObjectivesTo discuss three case reports with one year follow-up, each one of a different type of panic attack.Case report1 Female, 25-years-old. First panic attack at age 20, since there several spontaneous episodes with a mean of 4 a week, not related to any specific situation, event, or place, without any warning.Case report2 Male, 28-years-old. Has always been afraid of airplanes but it was only 3 years ago that riding on an airplane has started to trigger panic attack. He don’t experience panic attacks in any other situation.Case report3 Male, 31-years-old. First episode 4 years ago while driving alone and since there driving, traveling alone, enclosed spaces and crowds are more likely to trigger a panic attack but not always. They don’t have a specific fear or phobia tied to that situation or place; they simply tend to experience panic attacks when there.ConclusionUnderstanding the different types of panic attacks can help you and your doctor determine the cause of your attacks and the best way to go about treating them.

Teachers’ Opinion about Pharmacology Written Question Papers of MBBS Professional Examinations

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-49
Author(s):  
Dipak Kumer Paul Chowdhury ◽  
Debashish Saha ◽  
Md Ahsan Habib
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Domain ◽  
Multiple Choice Questions ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Short Answer ◽  
Written Examination ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Short Answer Question ◽  
Content Coverage ◽  
Short Answer Questions

Written examination is an important method for juddering the learning of medical students. Short Answer Questions (SAQ) and multiple choice questions (MCQ) are introduced in MBBS curriculum to assess student cognitive domain. This cross sectional descriptive study was conducted to get the teachers’ opinion about Pharmacology professional written short answer question papers of different Universities of Bangladesh. For this purpose, opinion of total 56 purposively selected teachers of the Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics of 20 Medical Colleges were collected through self-administered semi-structured questionnaire.  Most of the teachers (66% & 61%) were in favour of existing distribution of different types of question in curriculum (recall-60%, understanding -30% and problem based-10%) for short answer question paper (SAQ). Majority of the teachers (66% & 54%) were satisfied with the present coverage of recall and understanding type questions respectively but only 41% teachers were satisfied with the coverage of problem based type questions. Seventy-seven percent teachers were satisfied with content coverage in SAQ papers. Eighty-seven percent teachers were satisfied with present marking scheme on SAQ paper. Findings of this study may be used to redefine the distribution of different types question in SAQ papers and to improve the quality of question papers by ensuring their coverage. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Education Vol.12(1) 2021: 40-49

Written exams

2019 ◽  
pp. 969-982
Keyword(s):  
Medical School ◽  
Multiple Choice ◽  
Skills Assessment ◽  
Multiple Choice Questions ◽  
Essential Requirement ◽  
Short Answer ◽  
Situational Judgement Test ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Short Answer Questions ◽  
Situational Judgement

This chapter covers multiple choice questions (MCQs), extended matching questions (EMQs), short answer questions (SAQs), essays, situational judgement test (SJT exam), and the prescribing skills assessment (PSA exam). It focuses on the importance of exam technique with useful tips for the start, during, and after the exam. The chapter provides examples of different types of questions, and how to best prepare and answer them. More recent additions to the curriculum, such as the SJT and PSA, are explained in detail. The SJT is an essential requirement in the final year of clinical schools nationwide, and the score is considered in ranking Foundation Year applications. The PSA tests a final-year medical student’s ability to prescribe. The examination is online and involves MCQs and some SAQs. This chapter includes important links with further updated information, and is written for both those looking to apply for medicine, and those in medical school.

scholarly journals Social inclusion of clients treated for substance abuse in Sweden in the 1980s: A 27-year follow-up

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 314-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ninive von Greiff ◽  
Lisa Skogens ◽  
Marie Berlin
Keyword(s):  
Substance Abuse ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Patient Treatment ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Market Status ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Labour Market Status

Aim:To investigate social inclusion/exclusion in terms of criminality, substance abuse and participation in the labour market in clients treated for substance abuse in Sweden in the 1980s during a follow-up period of 27 years.Method:SWEDATE data are used for background information on the clients. The data were collected through interviews with clients registered for treatment in 31 in-patient treatment units in 1982 and 1983. Data on labour market status, education and medication related to drugs were collected from public registers. The study population consisted of 1132 individuals, who were followed from the year after exiting from treatment (Year 1) until the end of the follow-up (December 2013).Results:Among those who survived, the women seem to have succeeded better in terms of social inclusion both at an aggregated level and when the individual pathways were followed during the follow-up period. When comparing pathways between adverse and non-adverse groups during the follow-up period the results show movements from being adverse to non-adverse but also the opposite. In the last follow-up in 2013, the majority of the clients defined as non-adverse for the last nine years were in some way established in the labour market (including studies). In total, about two fifths of the group were in some way established in the labour market.Conclusions:The fairly high proportion of clients moving between being adverse and non-adverse during the follow-up might support the perspective suggesting that dependence should not be considered as chronic.

AAC Supports for Individuals With Rett Syndrome Across the Lifespan

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 74-85
Author(s):  
Sandra M. Grether
Keyword(s):  
Rett Syndrome ◽  
Communication Skills ◽  
Preliminary Analysis ◽  
Multidisciplinary Approach ◽  
Motor Deficits ◽  
Complex Profile ◽  
Communication Behaviors ◽  
The Individual

Individuals with Rett syndrome (RS) present with a complex profile. They benefit from a multidisciplinary approach for diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up. In our clinic, the Communication Matrix © (Rowland, 1990/1996/2004) is used to collect data about the communication skills and modalities used by those with RS across the lifespan. Preliminary analysis of this data supports the expected changes in communication behaviors as the individual with RS ages and motor deficits have a greater impact.

Guideline for radioimmunotherapy of rituximab relapsed or refractory CD20+ follicular B-cell nonHodgkin´s lymphoma

2004 ◽  
Vol 43 (05) ◽  
pp. 171-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Behr ◽  
F. Grünwald ◽  
W. H. Knapp ◽  
L. Trümper ◽  
C. von Schilling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Quality Management ◽  
Medical Physics ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Background Information ◽  
After Care ◽  
Complete Treatment ◽  
Close Cooperation ◽  
Work Up

Summary:This guideline is a prerequisite for the quality management in the treatment of non-Hodgkin-lymphomas using radioimmunotherapy. It is based on an interdisciplinary consensus and contains background information and definitions as well as specified indications and detailed contraindications of treatment. Essential topics are the requirements for institutions performing the therapy. For instance, presence of an expert for medical physics, intense cooperation with all colleagues committed to treatment of lymphomas, and a certificate of instruction in radiochemical labelling and quality control are required. Furthermore, it is specified which patient data have to be available prior to performance of therapy and how the treatment has to be carried out technically. Here, quality control and documentation of labelling are of greatest importance. After treatment, clinical quality control is mandatory (work-up of therapy data and follow-up of patients). Essential elements of follow-up are specified in detail. The complete treatment inclusive after-care has to be realised in close cooperation with those colleagues (haematology-oncology) who propose, in general, radioimmunotherapy under consideration of the development of the disease.

NGOs

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Mutzenberg
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Cultural Rights ◽  
National Implementation ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Oral Information

This chapter evaluates the role played by NGOs before the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the Human Rights Committee. Even if NGO participation was not originally foreseen in the Covenants, clear proceedings have subsequently been established to ensure their involvement in the Committees’ work. This chapter’s main focus is on the reporting procedure: it assesses how NGOs can submit written and oral information to strengthen this process. It also briefly addresses the NGO role in other areas of the Committees’ work, in particular the drafting of General Comments and the individual communications mechanisms. However, NGO participation is not limited to the work carried out in Geneva, and the chapter highlights recent NGO initiatives to ensure proper national implementation of the Committees’ recommendations. Such engagement is also possible in the context of the follow-up procedures, albeit to different extents depending on the practices of the respective Committee.

Characteristics of Different Types of Childhood Violence and the Risk of Revictimization

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (14) ◽  
pp. 1696-1716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ida Frugaard Stroem ◽  
Helene Flood Aakvaag ◽  
Tore Wentzel-Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Childhood Abuse ◽  
Telephone Survey ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Multiple Forms ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Children And Young Adults ◽  
Childhood Violence ◽  
Forms Of Violence ◽  
The Relationship

This study investigates the relationship between the characteristics of different types of childhood violence and adult victimization using two waves of data from a community telephone survey (T1) and a follow-up survey, including 505 cases and 506 controls, aged 17-35 years (T2). The logistic regression analyses showed that exposure to childhood abuse, regardless of type, was associated with adult victimization. Exposure to multiple types of abuse, victimization both in childhood and in young adulthood, and recency of abuse increased these odds. Our findings emphasize the importance of assessing multiple forms of violence when studying revictimization. Practitioners working with children and young adults should be attentive to the number of victimization types experienced and recent victimization to prevent further abuse.

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